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PSYC Research Methods > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

empirical vs non empirical

A

empirical is based on experiences
non empirical is based on what someone says logic or authority

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2
Q

limitations of logic

A

miss information from wrong understandings
draws improper conclusions
no substitute for empirical evidence

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3
Q

limitations of commonsense

A
  1. standards of commonsense are subjective
  2. only criteria is judging the truth based on if it makes sense or not
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4
Q

science vs common sense

A

common sense- is pragmatic
science- works on methods and theoretical view points

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5
Q

how is science objective

A

based on observations made such that anyone can observe that same thing.
objectivity is simply looking over the observers shoulder and seeing what they see.

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6
Q

parsimonious science

A

keep explanations as simple as possible

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7
Q

criteria to establish cause and effect

A
  1. temporal precedence-cause comes before event
  2. co-variation- cause is present effect happens
  3. elimination of alternatives- no other explanation
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8
Q

levels of observation

A
  1. naturalistic observation
  2. correlational research
  3. experimental research
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9
Q

3 roles of theories

A
  1. organize existing knowledge and explain laws
  2. predict new laws
  3. guide research
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10
Q

null hypothesis

A

represents no relationship between variables

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11
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated and controlled by the experimenter

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12
Q

dependent variable

A

measures the impact of changes in the independent variable

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13
Q

Properties of measurement scales

A
  • difference
  • identity
  • magnitude
  • equal intervals
  • true zero
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14
Q

4 scales of measurement

A
  1. nominal - classification only
  2. ordinal- ranks objects in order of magnitude
  3. interval- numerical intervals of variable measured
  4. ratio- all 4 properties including true zero
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15
Q

reliability measurement

A

shows consistency over time

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16
Q

3 processes of discovering regularities

A
  1. description- describe the phenomenon
  2. discovery of lawful relationships- regular association between 2 variables (law)
  3. Search for causes- cause and/or understanding
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17
Q

Ultimate goal of science

A

development of a theory

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18
Q

3 roles theories play

A
  1. organizing of knowledge and explaining laws
  2. predicting new laws
  3. guiding research
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19
Q

convergent operations

A

the use of several research methods to solve a single problem

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20
Q

frustration aggression law

A

either frustrated or not

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21
Q

2 types of reliability measures

A
  1. test-retest
  2. internal consistency
22
Q

4 types of validity of measurement

A
  1. construct validity
  2. face validity
  3. content validity
  4. criterion validity
23
Q

categories of confounding variables

A
  • history
  • maturation
  • testing
  • instrumentation
  • selection
  • statistical regression
  • mortality
24
Q

major threats to internal validity

A
  • Ambiguous Temporal Precidence
  • events outside the lab (hx)
  • maturation
  • effects of testing
  • regression effect
  • random error
  • selection
  • mortality
25
Q

2 threats of construct validity

A
  • loose connection between theory and method
  • ambiguous effect of independent variables
26
Q

threats to external validity

A
  • other subjects
  • other times
  • other settings
27
Q

2 categories of bias

A
  • experimenter bias
  • participant bias
28
Q

3 strategies for achieving control

A
  1. lab setting
  2. research setting preparation
  3. instrumenting the response
29
Q

control scenarios

A
  1. subjects as own control (within subjects control)
  2. within subjects design- experience all variables one group
  3. between subjects design- multiple groups one variable
  4. Random assignment
  5. matching (between subjects control)
30
Q

advantage of within subjects design

A

can have small group
reduces errors

31
Q

disadvantage of within subjects design

A

one condition can affect the next eg. fatigue

32
Q

disadvantage of between subjects design

A

requires large number of participants
uses random assignment

33
Q

nuisance variable

A

treated as a second independent variable that is varied separately

34
Q

2 types of replication

A
  1. direct- rare only used when system fails
  2. systematic- if theory is correct should be found in similar scenario
35
Q

ethical principles

A
  1. respect for the dignity of persons
  2. responsible caring
  3. integrity in relationships
  4. responsibility to society
36
Q

case study benefits

A
  • can provide insight
  • allows study of rare events
37
Q

case study disadvantages

A
  • can rarely infer any cause and effect relationships
  • subjective observer biases
  • difficult to generalize the results to other cases
38
Q

types of research

A
  • non experimental (no manipulation of variable) also called correlational
  • experimental
  • naturalistic observation
  • case study
    -Physical traces
  • archival
  • observational
39
Q

3 ways of sampling

A
  1. Time sampling
  2. event sampling
  3. situational sampling
40
Q

single subject experiment designs

A

AB design- comparison
ABA- baseline/tx/withdrawal
ABAB- repeat ABA design

41
Q

Problems with ABA design

A
  • tx may not be reversable
  • you may not want to return participants to previous state
42
Q

3 research designs to avoid

A
  1. one group post test design
  2. nonequivalent control group
  3. one group pre test - post test design
43
Q

single factor design experiement

A

only one independent variable or factor is manipulated

44
Q

factorial design

A

one which two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously

45
Q

factorial design vs single- factor

A

factorial design produces greater precision

46
Q

when to use Quasi experiments

A
  • ex post facto (after the fact)
  • completed experiments but now want to compare other variables
  • better than no experiment at all
  • field study
47
Q

what is the best method of experiment

A

the one that best answers your question

48
Q

quasi experiment weakness

A

degree of control

49
Q

when to use interrupted time series design

A
  • to compare subjects pr groups over time
  • understand an outcome has changed after over time
  • when no control group is available
50
Q

advantage of cross sectional studies

A

all age groups can be tested at same time

51
Q

Disadvantage of cross sectional studies

A
  • time consuming
  • confounds age with time of testing
    change in population over time

PSYC Research Methods (9 decks)

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