Questionaires Flashcards
How concessionaires be administered
by post, email, face to face, and/or online
self report data
Asking people to give responses about themselves or their own ideas
Strengths of self report data
Less experementer bias
See what people think about themselves/people’s own opinions
+A wide range of responses
Collect qualitative data also be quantitive if it is on a number scale or an overall percentage of who said ‘this’ e.g. likert scale
It’s quicker than an experiment to find similar information
It could be done in a field experiment and in a lab experiment but cannot be done in an observation
Weaknesses of self-report data
It’s subjective and there are demand characteristics and social desirability bias and indivisual differences do this they may have low internal validity and low test retest reliability
The night you need to preach privacy for the day to be published
Less reliable/scientific than an experiment
Quantitative data
Quantitative data is numerically comparable data that is quantifiable
e.g. percentage of people who went down the left path of a maze
Strengths of quantitative data
inter rate reliability
Data can be objectively analyzed it is scientific and it is very hard for experementers to interpretate results differently (inter rate reliability)
Weaknesses of quantitative data
(social desirability bias)
Quantitative lacks validity due to social desirability (demand characteristics to make them seem better than they actually are and more likable)
Somebody could use different answers to make them seem in a more favorable light EG “I’m not a heavy Drinker”
thus making the results invalid, giving it low internal validity
weakness of quantitive data
response bias
Answers may show response bias ( when participants answer a question in a certain way depending on its wording all the tone it was said in) this reduces the validity of the data giving it low internal validity
for example do you like this cute kitty they would say yes because you said it was cute
Qualitative data
Non-quantifiable descriptive data
e.g. an appearance description bucket hat and a demon jacket baggy trousers and sandals
strengths of qualitive data
internal validity
-provides detailed descriptions or in depth oppinions, adding extra detail and data for the experementer meaning more indepth analysis for a more accurate/supported conclusion so increaced internal validity
Weaknesses of qualitative data
Inter-rate reliability
harder to analyze qualitative data due to not being quantifiable it may be more difficult to agree on the data’s meanings this means that it has a lower inter-rate reliability
Questionnaires
open-ended questions
Doesn’t involve preset answers (yes/no)
also you can answer freely and justify your decisions
Strength open-ended questions
ecological Validity (detailed response unlike close-ended)
Using open-ended questions often gathers rich detailed data and a lot of qualitative data the original detail and opinions as they are forced to justify their answers
this data is a more accurate oppinion than a close endes question and therefore gives a more true to life response compared to a close-ended question
giving it high ecological validity
weakness of open-ended questions
internal validity (no answer)
Participents may not complete the question, perhapse due to being overwhelmed by the options of what to say, or unable to think of anything to say,
either way it reduces the overal validity of the conclusion as the data collected is limited
giving it lower internal validity
Close-ended Question
A question with a fixed predetermined answer to pick from EG yes or no
Strength of a Close-ended question
Test retest reliability
Close ended questions are all standardised this means that it would have high test retests reliability because there is no change in the possible answers for the questions
Weakness of closed ended questions
Acquiescence bias
Acquiescence bias
(the tendency for survey respondents to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself.)
Data is invalid = low internal validity
Acquiescence bias
the tendency for survey respondents to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself.
response bias
when participants answer a question in a certain way depending on its wording all the tone it was said in
social desirability bias
demand characteristics to make them seem better than they actually are and more likable
Ranked scale questions
Close ended questions but on a scale usually least to most agree with or similar e g likert scale
Likert Scale
A scale of 1-5 on a Close ended questionnaire
with 1 being the least characteristic of yourself
3 being neither
and 5 being very characteristic of yourself
e.g i always brush my teeth in the morning
1 2 3 4 5
Leading questions
A leading question is a question that provokes a certain answer
EG you did obey the police officer?
Should be avoided as it forces an invalid answer which therefore would create invalid data which would affect the overall result of the questionaire
Good questions principles
Clarity - making sure questions can’t be interpreted in a way that it is not meant to be interpreted
Bias - making sure questions have no response bias
Analysis - making sure questions answers would be useful and analysable to aid the study
Principal of writing a good questionnaire
what to consider
Filler questions should be used which is where irrelevant questions are included to mislead the respondent from the main purpose of the questionnaire
The sequence of the questions
You should start with easy questions saving difficult questions for later so ppts warm up to it
piloting
so the questions can be tested before the main study, this is so you can refine the questions to remove any dificultys or ineffective questions
cost/ benifit questionaire
cheap as chips and super quick and simple
large benifit due to easy to create, and large amount of analysable and comparable data
