Queeney Flashcards
epidural hematoma
- cause: TRAUMA - skull fracture -> rupture middle meningeal artery
- younger ptx
- fast neuro Sx
- ARTERIAL BLOOD
- LUCID INTERVAL
- ipsilateral pupil dilation (CN3)
Subdural Hematoma
- cause: TRAUMA (mild) -> rupture bridging veins
- older ptx
- slow neuro Sx
- VENOUS BLOOD
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- cause: #1 trauma, #2 Vascular (AV malformations or aneurysms)
- vascular: RUPTURED cerebral ANEURYSM
- SEVERE headache
- fast neuro Sx
Intracerebral/intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- cause: AGE #1, HTN, DM
- location: basal ganglia most common
marker for astrocytes
GFAP
gliosis
proliferation of astrocytes -> SCAR tissue
oligodendrocytes
- produce myelin in the CNS
- FRIED EGG appearance
neuron response to injury
- central chromatolysis
- RED NEURON is initial change -> injury due to HYPOXIA
Wallerian degeneration
-cut axon in 2 -> axon DISTAL to injury degenerates
concussion
- TEMPORARY loss of neuro function
- lose consciousness
- ANGULAR/ROTATIONAL movement
decorticate posture
-arms FLEXED -> make an “o”
decerebrate posture
- arms EXTENDED
- worse
vasogenic edema
-disrupt BBB -> extracellular fluid leak
cytotoxic edema
-cell membrane injury -> intracellular fluid leak
most common cause of hydrocephalus
-OBSTRUCTIVE hydrocephalus
most common cause of increased ICP
- cerebral edema due to trauma or head injury
- Tx: elevate head of bed 1st then diuretics or drain
Brown Sequard Syndrome***
- hemisection of the spinal cord
- cause: penetrating injury (knife)
- IPSILATERAL paralysis AT level of spinal cord
- CONTRALATERAL loss of sensation 2 levels DOWN
Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausens)
- NEUROFIBROMAS
- histo: LISCH NODULES and CAFE AU LAIT SPOTS
- astrocytoma spinal tumor
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (MISME)
- SCHWANNOMAS
- histo: Antonia A (dense; eosinophilia) and Antonia B (loose; micro cysts)
- ependymoma spinal tumor
Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM)
- adult
- histo: NECROSIS
- imaging: cross midline -> BUTTERFLY and ring enhancement w/ satellite areas
- GFAP+ marker
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- child
- location: cerebellum
- histo: CYSTIC w/ MURAL NODULE
Oligodendroglioma
-histo: HALO or FRIED EGG
Ependymoma
- tumor of ependymal cells
- spread via CSF -> “drop metastasis” in spinal cord
- histo: PSEUDOROSETTES (central clearing)
Medulloblastoma
- child
- most common malignant peds brain tumor
- location: cerebellum
- PNET
- histo: TRUE ROSETTES
Primary CNS Lymphoma
-location: corpus callosum, basal ganglia, periventricular
Meningiomas
-EXTRA-AXIAL -> does not infiltrate brain parenchyma
Metastatic CNS tumors
- most common brain tumor -> MULTIPLE lesions
- sources: Lung cancer #1, Breast cancer #2
