Queeney

Question 1

epidural hematoma

Answer 1

• cause: TRAUMA - skull fracture -> rupture middle meningeal artery
• younger ptx
• fast neuro Sx
• ARTERIAL BLOOD
• LUCID INTERVAL
• ipsilateral pupil dilation (CN3)

Question 2

Subdural Hematoma

Answer 2

• cause: TRAUMA (mild) -> rupture bridging veins
• older ptx
• slow neuro Sx
• VENOUS BLOOD

Question 3

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 3

• cause: #1 trauma, #2 Vascular (AV malformations or aneurysms)
• vascular: RUPTURED cerebral ANEURYSM
• SEVERE headache
• fast neuro Sx

Question 4

Intracerebral/intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Answer 4

• cause: AGE #1, HTN, DM

- location: basal ganglia most common

Question 5

marker for astrocytes

Answer 5

GFAP

Question 6

gliosis

Answer 6

proliferation of astrocytes -> SCAR tissue

Question 7

oligodendrocytes

Answer 7

• produce myelin in the CNS

- FRIED EGG appearance

Question 8

neuron response to injury

Answer 8

• central chromatolysis

- RED NEURON is initial change -> injury due to HYPOXIA

Question 9

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 9

-cut axon in 2 -> axon DISTAL to injury degenerates

Question 10

concussion

Answer 10

• TEMPORARY loss of neuro function
• lose consciousness
• ANGULAR/ROTATIONAL movement

Question 11

decorticate posture

Answer 11

-arms FLEXED -> make an “o”

Question 12

decerebrate posture

Answer 12

• arms EXTENDED

- worse

Question 13

vasogenic edema

Answer 13

-disrupt BBB -> extracellular fluid leak

Question 14

cytotoxic edema

Answer 14

-cell membrane injury -> intracellular fluid leak

Question 15

most common cause of hydrocephalus

Answer 15

-OBSTRUCTIVE hydrocephalus

Question 16

most common cause of increased ICP

Answer 16

• cerebral edema due to trauma or head injury

- Tx: elevate head of bed 1st then diuretics or drain

Question 17

Brown Sequard Syndrome***

Answer 17

• hemisection of the spinal cord
• cause: penetrating injury (knife)
• IPSILATERAL paralysis AT level of spinal cord
• CONTRALATERAL loss of sensation 2 levels DOWN

Question 18

Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausens)

Answer 18

• NEUROFIBROMAS
• histo: LISCH NODULES and CAFE AU LAIT SPOTS
• astrocytoma spinal tumor

Question 19

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (MISME)

Answer 19

• SCHWANNOMAS
• histo: Antonia A (dense; eosinophilia) and Antonia B (loose; micro cysts)
• ependymoma spinal tumor

Question 20

Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM)

Answer 20

• adult
• histo: NECROSIS
• imaging: cross midline -> BUTTERFLY and ring enhancement w/ satellite areas
• GFAP+ marker

Question 21

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Answer 21

• child
• location: cerebellum
• histo: CYSTIC w/ MURAL NODULE

Question 22

Oligodendroglioma

Answer 22

-histo: HALO or FRIED EGG

Question 23

Ependymoma

Answer 23

• tumor of ependymal cells
• spread via CSF -> “drop metastasis” in spinal cord
• histo: PSEUDOROSETTES (central clearing)

Question 24

Medulloblastoma

Answer 24

• child
• most common malignant peds brain tumor
• location: cerebellum
• PNET
• histo: TRUE ROSETTES

Question 25

Primary CNS Lymphoma

Answer 25

-location: corpus callosum, basal ganglia, periventricular

Question 26

Meningiomas

Answer 26

-EXTRA-AXIAL -> does not infiltrate brain parenchyma

Question 27

Metastatic CNS tumors

Answer 27

• most common brain tumor -> MULTIPLE lesions

- sources: Lung cancer #1, Breast cancer #2