QUARTERLY EXAM Q2 Flashcards
a stand alone statement that summarizes the content of your research
RESEARCH TITLE
Characteristics of Research Title
- Engaging
- Succinct (Clear/ Concise)
- Essential Words only (around 5-15 words)
- Grammatically Correct
- Seldom uses abbreviations
Format in Research title
- Topic
- Scope
- Method (rarely)
2 Formats in Research Title
- IMRaD
- Traditional Format (contains chapters)
7 Tips for Research Title
- Don’t think it will be hard
- Know what you like to work on
- Browse relevant research
- Write your draft
- Be open to criticisms and suggestions
- Be willing to adjust or improve
- Finalize with a positive thought
Characteristics of a Good Research Title
- It should predict the content of the research paper
- It should be interesting to the reader
- It should reflect the tone of the writing
- It should contain important keywords that will make it easier to be located during a keywords search
Writing an effective Research Title
- Make sure your research title describes:
- The topic
- The method
- The sample
- The results of your study - Avoid unnecessary words and jargons
- Verify that your title conforms to the standards
- Use a descriptive phrase to convey the purpose of your research efficiently
- Most important, use critical keywords in the title
considered as an intelligent guess or prediction
HYPOTHESIS
are defined as the formal statement of the tentative or expected prediction or explanation
HYPOTHESIS/ HYPOTHESES
Contributions of Hypothesis
- Provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives
- It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome of the research
- It may lead to the formulation of another hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
- Simple Hypothesis
- Complex Hypothesis
- Empirical Hypothesis
- Null Hypothesis
- Alternative Hypothesis
is one in which there exists a relationship between two variables
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
is on in which a relationship among variables also exists
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
in this type, dependent and independent variables are more than two
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
which means it is based on evidence
EMPIRICAL
in the scientific method, refers to the use of a working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and experiment
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
is produced by experiment and observation
EMPIRICAL DATA
it is the simplest form of hypothesis
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
in simple cases, investigation and research are adequately implemented by resuming a question
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
denotes that there is no significant difference between specified populations
NULL HYPOTHESIS
it is denoted by Ho
NULL HYPOTHESIS
denoted by H1, or Ha
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
claims that there is an effect
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
a hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
characteristics of hypothesis
A hypothesis:
- must be capable of verification
- must be related to the existing body of knowledge
- needs to be precise, simple and specific
defines and describes the
research hypothesis or question(s),
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
SETS THE
STAGE for the rest of our study,
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
What is SOP for?
- Specifies the focus
- Defines the breadth and depth
- Identifies the shape
- Sets the direction
- Conveys time required
SOP must be
- Relevant
- Clear
- Specific
- Research-gap based
- Measurable
The Link
T-SOP-Q-F-C-R
Format for SOP
- General Problem
- Specific Problem
- Logical Sequencing
- Writing Mechanics
has sentence’s as the opening of SOP
GENERAL PROBLEM
the main problem or core issue
GENERAL PROBLEM
are questions that a study or research projects aims to answer
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Tips for SOP
- Align your SOP with the thesis title
- Decide on what’s covered and what’s not
- Check for grammar and redundancies
- Be open minded
2 major parts of RRL
- CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
- RESEARCH STUDIES
contains literature coming from books, journalism, and other forms of material
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
these are empirically-based, like scientific paper, thesis, and dissertations, both published and unpublished
RESEARCH STUDIES
bases for a good RRL
The review material must be current.
Literature and
studies reviewed must be
relevant to the study.
Findings or result
of reviewed study
should be objective and free of biases.
The data used in the reviewed materials
should be scrutinized
Reviewed materials related to the current
study should be enough to establish a strong
and viable trending of result.
sources of RRL
Graduate theses and Dissertation
Encyclopedia of Educational research
Books
Internet sites and resources (website, e-
journals, e-books)
Dictionaries in education and psychology
How to write the intro of a RRL
Identify the general topic of the sources
under discussion. Thus, you will provide the
context of your review of related literature;
Discuss what was already presented about the
topic of your paper: conflicts in a theory,
conclusions, gaps in research and scholarship,
etc.
Explain why the literature used is worth
reviewing
It is a way of strengthening or concretizing
one’s idea by citing the similar or relevant
ideas or findings of other researchers and
authorities.
CITATION
The style is called “American
Psychological Association style” or APA style
CITATION
Documentation was done through
footnoting or parenthetical reference citation.
Modern writers is now using parenthetical
reference style.
CITATION
the last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text
Simon, 1945
If the name of the author or the date appear as
part of the narrative, cite only missing
information in parentheses.
Simon 1945
When a work has two authors, always cite both
names every time the reference occurs in the
text. In parenthetical material join the names
with an ampersand (&).
(Leiter & Maslach, 1998)
In the narrative text, join the names with the
word “and.“
Leiter and Maslach (1998)
When a work has three, four, or five authors,
cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991)
In all subsequent citations per paragraph,
include only the surname of the first author
followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”) and
the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991)
References cited in the text of a research paper
must appear in a Reference List or
bibliography.
REFERENCE LIST
This list provides the information
necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
REFERENCE LIST
REFERENCE LIST (6)
ORDER
AUTHORS
TITLES
PAGINATION
INDENTATION
UNDERLINING vs ITALICS
Entries should be arranged in alphabetical
order by authors’ last names.
ORDER
Sources without authors
are arranged alphabetically by title within the same
ORDER
Write out the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work.
AUTHORS
Use an ampersand (&)
instead of the word “and” when listing multiple
authors of a single work.
AUTHORS
Capitalize only the first word of a title or
subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
TITLES
Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to
designate page numbers of articles from periodicals
that do not use volume numbers, especially
newspapers.
PAGINATION
These abbreviations are also used to
designate pages in encyclopedia articles and
chapters from edited books.
PAGINATION
The first line of the entry is flush with
the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented
(5 to 7 spaces) to form a “hanging indent”.
INDENTATION
It is appropriate to use
italics instead of underlining for titles of books and
journals.
UNDERLINING v ITALICS
A comprehensive analysis and presentation of
literature and studies that are related to the
current research/ thesis/ dissertation.
RRLS
- Review of Related Literatures Studies
what is RRLS for
- to gain better and in-depth understanding
- To examine gaps
- To gain insights
Characteristics of RRLS
- Relevant
- Recent
- Sufficient
what are possible sources in LITERATURE
books
professional journal articles
newspapers
magazines
letters
interviews
poems
what are possible sources in STUDIES
peer reviewed research journals
unpublished theses
government report
how to write
- Decide on themes
- read and evaluate literature
- write the topic sentence
- Use transition words
- Recheck the contents
Mistakes to avoid in RRLS
- Writing one paragraph per source.
- Not analyzing the contents.
- Copying and pasting of paragraphs.
- Lack of transition words.
- Inaccurate in-text citations.
- Some authors are not included in
the Reference part.
What are the parts of a research paper
Chapter 1: The problem and its background
Chapter 2: RRL
Chapter 3: Method and procedures
Chapter 4: Presentation, analysis & interpretation of data
Chapter 5: Summary, conclusions and recommendations
includes purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
the main problem that the research is trying to solve
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
it follows the formulation of the title and should be faithful to it
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
it specifically points the important questions that the study needs to answer
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
it also serves as the bases of the questionnaire
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
this should match with the recommendations
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
the expected outcome of the research
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
determines the coverage of the study
SCOPE and LIMITATIONS of the STUDY
defines technical terms based on how they are used in the study
DEFINITION OF TERMS
this aims to provide the readers or future researches
DEFINITION OF TERMS
this is where you will use your notes cards
CHAPTER 2 RRL
this is your own work and therefore should not directly lift words
CHAPTER 2 RRL
this will require your command of language and writing skills
CHAPTER 2: RRL
steps in Chapter 2: RRL
Step1: organize your notes cards
Step2: Begin writing the chapter
Step3: edit. rewrite
the kind of research used by your study
METHOD OF RESEARCH
this answers why the method used is appropriate for the study
METHOD OF RESEARCH
describes your respondents: who they are, what their profile is, where they are from
SUBJECTS OF THE STUDY
describes your instrument which is the questionnaire
DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
narrates the process undergone by the study that eventually leads to the findings
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
the statistical treatment that you will use which includes your sampling method and formulas to come up
STATISTICAL TREATMENT APPLIED
presents all the data gathered using the questionnaire by tabulating all the gathered information
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
summarizes the interpretation of data given in chapter 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
these should directly answer your statement of the problem
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
this provides the answers for every statement of the problem
CONCLUSION
this is where you will probe your hypothesis and assumptions
CONCLUSIONS
should be directly based on the significance of the study
RECOMMENDATIONS
this also includes the recommended actions that should be done after the conduct of the study
RECOMMENDATIONS
consists of the research title, names of the researchers and name of the English teacher
TITLE PAGE
a personal page where the researchers are given the privilege to extend gratitude
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper
TABLE OF CONTENTS
contains the accurate paging of the tables/figures used in the study
LIST OF TABLES
where you will use your source cards
BIBLIOGRAPHY
presents the sources using APA or MLA format
BIBLIOGRAPHY
e.g., survey questionnaire, interview questions - attachments
APPENDIX
