Exam Flashcards Q1
is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual’s speculation with reality
RESEARCH
solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories
RESEARCH
a system and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness
RESEARCH
it is a process of inquiring
RESEARCH
defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge.”
INQUIRY
the information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the different human senses
INQUIRY
individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death
INQUIRY
is synonymous with the word investigation
INQUIRY
Purpose of RESEARCH
- to discover new facts about known phenomena
-to find answers to problems - to improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products
- to discover previously unrecognized substances or elements
- to discover pathways of action of known substances and elements
- to prove or generate theory
it must give correct or accurate data
ACCURACY
it must deal with facts not with mere opinions
OBJECTIVENESS
topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society
TIMELINESS
topic that is instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community
RELEVANCE
expressing a central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language
CLARITY
it must take place in an organized or orderly manner
SYSTEMATIC
concerned with understanding human behaviour from the informant’s perspective
QUALITATIVE; Conceptual
assumes a dynamic and negotiated reality
QUALITATIVE; Conceptual
data are collated through participant observation and interviews
QUALITATIVE; Methodological
data are analysed by themes from descriptions by informants
QUALITATIVE; Methodological
data are reported in the language of the informant
QUALITATIVE; Methodological
concerned with discovering facts about social phenomena
QUANTITATIVE; Conceptual
assumes a fixed and measurable reality
QUANTITATIVE; Conceptual
data are collected through measuring variables
QUANTITATIVE; Methodological
data are analyzed through numerical comparisons and statistical inferences
QUANTITATIVE; Methodological
data are reported through statistical analysis
QUANTITATIVE; Methodological
questions asked are specific
QUANTITATIVE
collects numerical data
QUANTITATIVE
use statistical tools
QUANTITATIVE
inquiry is conducted objectively (unbiased)
QUANTITATIVE
questions asked are broad
QUALITATIVE
collects worded, text, picture data
QUALITATIVE
use descriptions/themes
QUALITATIVE
inquiry is conducted subjectively (biased)
QUALITATIVE
a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
study “things” (people and their thoughts) in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
objective approach to seek precise measurement in numerical form
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
variables are clearly understood & defined in advanced by the researcher
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
subjective approach to seek in-depth description in narrative form
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
researcher may have only rough idea about variables in advance
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
looking for information through asking various questions
INQUIRY
is an approach to learning that involves a process of exploring the natural or material world
INQUIRY
leads to asking questions, making discoveries, and testing those discoveries in the search for new understanding
INQUIRY
is a process of systematic inquiry that entails the collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information
RESEARCH
in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines
RESEARCH
is the process of finding answers to questions
INQUIRY
easier to carry out than research studies
INQUIRY
main aim is to solve problems, resolve doubts, or augment knowledge
INQUIRY
is the systematic and format investigation and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
RESEARCH
tend to be more systematic and formal
RESEARCH
main aim may involve gathering new information or testing a theory
RESEARCH
is an art of scientific investigation
RESEARCH
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
RESEARCH
The dictionary meaning of research is “a
____________ or ______________
through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge”
careful investigation or enquiry especially
comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
RESEARCH -Clifford Woody
Nature of Research
It strives to be objective and logical.
It is based on observable experience or
empirical evidence.
It demands accurate observations,
reservations and descriptions.
It is directed towards the solution of the
problem.
It is carefully recorded and reported.
It requires expertise.
It involves gathering new data from
primary or first hand sources or using
existing data for new purpose.
Types of RESEARCH
Descriptive Research
Historical Research
Empirical Research
Qualitative Research
Conceptual Research
Applied Research
Quantitative Research
Analytical Research
Fundamental Research
Flow Chart of RESEARCH PROCESS
Define Research Problem
Review of the Literature
Formulate Hypothesis
Design Research
Collection of Data
Analyze the Data
Interpret & Report
is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy and truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research. (Litchman, 2013)
RESEARCH
it must give factual and exact data in which should be correctly and appropriately documented or acknowledged in the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries
ACCURACY
respecting preferences on matters of confidentiality, independence, or freedom
ETHICAL
deals with ideas, principles, or abstract concepts. This type of research may increase knowledge about a particular subject with its nature of discovery and application
PURE RESEARCH
this research is conducted with the purpose of answering a question or solving a problem
APPLIED RESEARCH
defining or giving verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, a group, or a situation among others
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
shows relationships or connectedness between two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
“casual research”, focuses on the reasons behind the occurrence of something and on the present or future effects of such happening
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
“Formulative research” has the purpose of exploring a certain topic, specifically, one that was not given clear explanations or results in previous research studies
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
clearer understanding of the research problem
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
an ongoing practice of the school, an organization, a community, or any institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring about improvements in the system
ACTION RESEARCH
carried out in different areas of knowledge frequently conducted in the field of education
ACTION RESEARCH
non-numerical highlights human experience people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
involves measurement; uses percentages, fractions, and numbers
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC or POSITIVE RESEARCH
NATURALISTIC APPROACH
TRAINGULATION APPROACH
it serves as a guide in the conduct of the study
THEORETICAL RESEARCH
it serves as a roadmap that shows how your research fits into what is already known
THEORETICAL RESEARCH
variable affected by the change
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
variable that is changed
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
presents a systematic way of understanding events, behavior and/or situations
THEORY
is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains or predicts events or situations by specifying relations among variables
THEORY
is an idea to explain something, or a set of guiding principles
THEORY
FORMAT of CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Format A
1. Paradigm
2. Explanation
Format B
1. introductory Paragraph
2. Paradigm
3. Explanation
RESEARCH MODELS
- INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO) model
- IV-DV Model
- ADDIE Model
the variables that causes the problem, phenomenon, or transformation
INPUT
the method by which the variables are collected and synthesized
PROCESS
the problem, phenomenon, or transformation; the outcome of the variables
OUTPUT
models of ADDIE MODEL
- ANALYZE
- DESIGN
- DEVELOPMENT
- IMPLEMENTATION
- EVALUATION
a written or visual presentation that explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
PURPOSE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Identify relevant variables
- Define variables
- Have an idea of analysis
is used in the broad sense to refer to an abstraction which summarizes and explains phenomena
THEORY
are mental images or ideas relating to phenomena or objects that share common properties
CONCEPTS
created from a variety of conceptual and theoretical perspectives
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
synthesis of relevant concepts
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Underlining process: INDUCTIvE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
adapted from existing theory
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
application of a theory as a whole or in part
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Underlining process: DEDUCTIVE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEPS IN DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Identifying the relevant concepts
- Defining those concepts
- Operationalising the concepts
- Identifying any moderating or intervening variables
- Identifying the relationship between variables
TIPS ON CHOOSING YOUR RESEARCH TOPIC
- Timely and relevant
- Level of Interest
- Level of Experience
- Audience
- Availability of Information
on the topic
two main steps on choosing a good research topic
Step1: Select a broad topic of interest
Step2: Narrow it down to an effective research topic once you have learned a little more