quantitative research design

Question 1

cross-sectional design

Answer 1

collect data at only 1 time point
-observational
-measures outcome and exposures in study participants at same time

Question 2

longitudinal

Answer 2

repeated measurement of variables over time
-observational
-studying same group over time

Question 3

between groups designs

Answer 3

seperate group for each condition
-participants only provide data once

-> 3 groups 3 different treatment conditions
-observe each once?

Question 4

repeated-measures designs

Answer 4

-observations are taken from the same participants more than once
-“time of observation” is an independant/predictor variable

Question 5

mixed factorial designs

Answer 5

both between-group and repeated measures elements
- measuring 2 different groups and different time points

Question 6

non-experimental designs

Answer 6

research designs where there is a theoretically presumed cause and effect
-no control group and random assignment
-“observational design”, “correlational design”

-> correlational design : relationship bw two variables investigated, without researcher controlling or manipulating any of them

Question 7

experimental designs

Answer 7

the researcher manipulates the independant variable(s) to determine if it has an effect on the dependant variables(s)

group 1 -> intervention -»»>
group 2 -»»»»»

Question 8

notation

Answer 8

t = treatment
0 = observations
-> represent when variables are measured, or in other words, when data are collected
R = randomly assigned groups
-> equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups
N = Non-equivalent groups
->groups of participants are typically already intact

Question 9

pre-experimental designs

Answer 9

participants receive the intervention/treatment of interest
-limited control over threats to internal validity
-participants not randomly assigned to groups
-changes in the dependent variables cannot be attributed to the manipulation of the independant variable

Question 10

one shot study (pre-experimental design)

Answer 10

can conclude that at the time of the observation participants performed in a certain manner

group A t -> ob

-participants exposed to a intervention and then assesed on the outcome of interest

Question 11

one-group pretest-posttest study (pre-experimental design)

Answer 11

try to determine the magnitude of the treatment effect
-repeated-measures design
-researcher cannot attribute any changes in performance to the treatment

assessment -> intervention -> assessment
or O -> T -> O

Question 12

posttest only with non-equivalent groups

Answer 12

static group comparison
-between-groups design
-groups are not randomly formed (intact groups)
-cannot be determined if group A and B are equivalent at the beginning of the study
->differences between 01 and 02 cannot be attributed to the treatment

-one group gets treatment one group does not
N group A T O1
Ngroup B T O2

Question 13

true experimental designs

Answer 13

may be most powerful means of generating new knowledge
-only quantitative design that can be confidently used to identify cause and effect relationship
-typically conducted in lab in controlled environment -> internal validity
-> less external validity

Question 14

random assignment (true experimental designs)

Answer 14

equal probability of a participant being placed into a level (group) of the independant variable

-assumes personal factors that could influence participants scores on the dependant variable are distributed evenly across groups (equivalent groups) , thus changes in the dependant variable are most likely due to the manipulation of the independant variable

Question 15

random assignment helps control for

Answer 15

past history
maturation
testing

Question 16

random assignment does not control for

Answer 16

-measurement errors
-something happening other than the treatment to one group, but not the other group
-experimental mortality

Question 17

posttest only control group design

Answer 17

R group A T O1
R group B O2

-theoretical argument that differences between O1 and O2 could be attributed to the treatment

Question 18

post test only control group design

Answer 18

R group A T1 O1
R group B. T2. O2
R group C O3

-3 levels of the IV
-determine if one treatment is more effective than another treatment and if it is better than nothing

Question 19

posttest only control group design

Answer 19

-two independant variables

R group A A1B1. O1

R group B A2B1. O2

R group C A3B1. O3

R group D A1B2 O4

R group E A2B2 O5

R group F A3B2 O6

Question 20

pretest-posttest control group design

Answer 20

R group A O1 T. O2
R. group B O3 O4

-mixed factorial design
-determine how much more change is observed in Group A vs. Group B
-can be extended to include more observations and independant variables

Question 21

solomon four-group design

Answer 21

R group A O1 T. O2
R. group B O3 O4
R group c T O5
R group D O6

-combines post test only and pretest-post test control group designs
-determination if there is a testing threat to internal validity and if the pretest interacts with the treatment
-replication of treatment effect

Question 22

quasi-experimental designs

Answer 22

-two or more groups but no random assignment to control and experimental groups
-> uses control groups? textbook
-interested in maximizing external validity
-> want to approximate real world settings

-participants are not randomly assigned
-> not possible
-> participants either self-select themselves to one of the groups or an administrator (eg. coach ) decides who will receive the treatment

Question 23

ex. post facto design

Answer 23

-groups (IV) are already formed based on a characteristic of the participants and are compared on the DV
-> eg. selected olympic hopefuls vs non selected olympic hopefuls

** no treatment used

-use when IV is not easily manipulated

-want to compare scores on the DV based on already formed groups
-> LEAFS vs Canucks fans

Question 24

time-series design

Answer 24

01 02 03. 04 T. 05 06 07. 08

-infer cause and effect by establishing the rate of change between observations is different between 04 and 05
-not feasible or practical to have a control group
-> effect of athlete centralization on athletes well being

-participants act as their own controls

Question 25

control group

Answer 25

group that does not receive the treatment being studied

Question 26

single-subject design

Answer 26

-effect of the intervention on a single subject

-a repeated measure design
-> time-series

-often used to examine unique/outlier cases

Question 27

clinical trials

Answer 27

for the purposes of registration, a clinical trial is any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or group of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcome
eg. drug , exercise program
-measure health related outcome

Question 28

flow diagram

Answer 28

how many interested in trial
how many met inclusion criteria
how many lossed in trial and how many finished