Quantitative Research

Question 1

why is the term data generation used rather than data collection in qualitative research

Answer 1

emphasizes the way researchers and participants work together to generate data

Question 2

in qualitative research where does it occur

Answer 2

in natural setting

Question 3

what are 2 adjectives of qualitative research

Answer 3

emergent or flexible
-research question and research features may change throughout study

Question 4

a qualitative study design is an overarching term that includes what 3 things

Answer 4

=strategy of inquiry
-philosophical worldviews
-methods (data generation and analysis)

Question 5

what are the 6 strategies of inquiry

Answer 5

-narrative
-ethnogrophy
-phenomenology
-case study
-qualitative description
-grounded theory

Question 6

in narrative research stories are used to bring what

Answer 6

uderstanding or meaning to the lievd experiences of individuals

Question 7

in narrative research stories can be analyzed in what 2 ways

Answer 7

-in depth
or
-stand alone as a description of experience

Question 8

in narrative research, stories are typically generated in what way

Answer 8

in-depth and unstructured interviews
-observations and participant journaling may also be used

Question 9

ethnography is driven by questions that seek what

Answer 9

to understand cultures or a cultural group

Question 10

what are 2 types of etnography in the lecture slides

Answer 10

critical ethnogrphy
autoethnography

Question 11

what is the primary process for data generation

Answer 11

participant observation
-interviews and documents (like personal journals) may also be used

Question 12

what is phenomenology

Answer 12

study of phenomenon or a concept through the exploration of lived experiences

Question 13

how can phenomenology be understood

Answer 13

as a philosophy and a qualitative strategy of inquiry

Question 14

what is the philosophy of phenomenology

Answer 14

assumes reality can not be teased apart from ones conscious experience of it
-reality is only perceived through the meaning of the individual

Question 15

what is interpretative phenomenological analysis

Answer 15

how a phenomenon is experienced by participants

Question 16

what is empirical phenomenology

Answer 16

researchers search for the essential, invarient central meaning of an experience

Question 17

in phenomenologys data typically generated

Answer 17

multiple in depth interviews with particiapnts

Question 18

researchers must suspend what when it comes to phenomenology

Answer 18

preconceived ideas about a phenomenon

Question 19

what is bracketing

Answer 19

practice where reserachers record their own experiences with a phenomenon
-to set them aside so they can focus participants

Question 20

what is a case study

Answer 20

study of the complexity and distinctiveness of a case within important circumstances

Question 21

in case studies the case is bound by what

Answer 21

time and place

Question 22

in case studies what are the 5 cases of interest

Answer 22

people
team
event
organization
community

Question 23

in case studies data generation is typically what

Answer 23

extensive
-interviews, observation, visual methods

Question 24

qualitative description is used by researchers who want to what

Answer 24

develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event
-summary in everyday language

Question 25

what is grounded theory focused on

Answer 25

generation of analysis of data to construct a theory

Question 25

what are typically used to generate data in qualitative description

Answer 25

individual or group interviews

Question 25

in grounded theory what type of strategies are often employed and why

Answer 25

iterative (repititious) -use comparitive methods to examine the data against each other to identify similiarites and differences

Question 26

in grounded theory, the end product is what

Answer 26

a theory

Question 27

what is data saturation

Answer 27

point in research process when no new info is discovered in data anaylsis or there has been enough data collected to draw necessary conclusions

Question 28

what is purposeful sampling

Answer 28

recruit a sample of info-rich participants who will purposefully inform an understanding of the topic being studied

Question 29

what are 3 types of purposeful sampling

Answer 29

-extreme case sampling -maximum varitation sampling -snowball sampling

Question 30

what is extreme case sampling

Answer 30

identyfing participants who are unusual or represent extremes

Question 31

what is maximum variation sampling

Answer 31

seeking heteorogeneity (diverse) in people, experiences, places, perspectives, et.c -participants represent diversity

Question 32

what is snowball sampling

Answer 32

participants identifying other potential pariticpants who are deemed fitting to the research purpose

Question 33

sample sizes in qualitative studies are relatively what compared to most quantitative studies

Answer 33

small

Question 34

what are 5 considerations for determining sample size

Answer 34

-scope of study -nature of topic -quality of data -number of interviews per participant -study designs

Question 35

what should the general sample size be for a narrative strategy of inquiry

Answer 35

1 to 2

Question 36

what should the general sample size be for a phenomenology strategy of inquiry

Answer 36

5-8

Question 37

what should the general sample size be for a grounded theory strategy of inquiry

Answer 37

30-50

Question 38

what should the general sample size be for a ethnography strategy of inquiry

Answer 38

single group of people sharing same culture

Question 39

what should the general sample size be for a case study strategy of inquiry

Answer 39

single cases or 4-5 cases

Question 40

what should the general sample size be for a qualitative description strategy of inquiry

Answer 40

often takes on the tone of another strategy of inquiry and will use sample sizes consistent with that strategy

Question 41

qualitative studies often use how many methods of data generation

Answer 41

more than one

Question 42

what are 4 common methods of data generation

Answer 42

-interviews -observation -written documents -visual and audia sources

Question 43

what is the most common method of data generation in qualitiatve

Answer 43

interviews

Question 44

what method of generation is often thougt to be synonyymous with qualitative research

Answer 44

interviews

Question 45

interviews are relational in nature and why is this important

Answer 45

to build and maintain rapport

Question 46

interviews can take what 2 forms

Answer 46

one on one group

Question 47

interviews are typically comprised of what 3 main phases

Answer 47

introduction questioning closing

Question 48

\interview guide can be what 3 ways

Answer 48

-structured -semi-structured -unstructured

Question 49

are interviews often audio recorded

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

what are the 4 forms of observation

Answer 50

-complete partiipant -participant as observer -observer as participant -complete observer

Question 51

in observations what is often used to record interviews

Answer 51

field notes

Question 52

what are the 2 types of observation where the researcher takes part in activity

Answer 52

-complete participant -participant as observer

Question 53

what are the 2 observation types where the researcher identity is concealed

Answer 53

complete participant complete observer

Question 54

what are the 2 types of obersvation where researches observe the acitvitty

Answer 54

observation as participant complete observer

Question 55

what are the 2 types of observations where the researcher identity is revealed

Answer 55

observer as participant participant as observer

Question 56

3 characteristics of complete participant observation

Answer 56

-researcher takes part in activity -reseracher role not obvious -good for rapport building

Question 57

what are 2 characteristics of complete observer observation

Answer 57

-no interaction with participants -participants are not aware of researcher

Question 58

what are 3 characteristics of participant as observer

Answer 58

-researcher participates in acititiy -there are breaks to record observations -researcher is obvious

Question 59

what are 3 characteristics of observer as participant observation

Answer 59

-researchers observe at distance -participant aware of researcher -participation is of secondary importance

Question 60

what are 4 features that should be included on the observaitonal protocol

Answer 60

-header -descriptive notes -refelctive notes -visual sketch

Question 61

written documents are typically used how

Answer 61

in addition to other forms of data generation

Question 62

visual data gives opportunity to what

Answer 62

show, as some participants may not express themselves comfortably through words

Question 63

what is inductive data analysis

Answer 63

-identify taxonomies, themes or theory from data generation in the research

Question 64

what is deductive data analysis

Answer 64

us an existing framework or list of categories to code the data

Question 65

when it comes to indcutive and deductive data anaylysis, researchers often use

Answer 65

use a combination of both

Question 66

in immediate data anaylsis, the researcher is the primary what

Answer 66

datat collection tool through which all data is filtered -should reflect on the role they play in the data analysis

Question 67

what is spiral analysis

Answer 67

researchers mvoe between research stages -data analysis is not a fixed linear approach

Question 68

what is the researchers flow through the data anaylsys process like in spiral analysis

Answer 68

circles -returning to earlier steps in the analysis as new insights and reflections emerge

Question 69

what is the best way to conduct a qualitative analysis

Answer 69

there is none -BUT ideal approach is one in which the steps in data analysis match the goals of the research and strategy of inquiry

Question 70

what are the 6 steps of data analysis

Answer 70

-organize and prepare the data -read/look at all the data -start coding all the data -generate descriptions or themes -decide how the findings will be represented -interpret the findings

Question 71

what is the most common form to organize and prepare data

Answer 71

transcription

Question 72

what are 2 key thigns when it comes to transcriptions

Answer 72

-avoid cleaning up what was said -acknoledge non-verbal featued

Question 73

what does the step of read or look at all the data allow for researchers

Answer 73

to focus on the larger picture -move beyond sruface level of understnading

Question 74

the step fo denerating descriptions or themes is impacted by what

Answer 74

philosophical world view or theoretical lens