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Intro. to Research > Quantitative Research > Flashcards

Quantitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

why is the term data generation used rather than data collection in qualitative research

A

emphasizes the way researchers and participants work together to generate data

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2
Q

in qualitative research where does it occur

A

in natural setting

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3
Q

what are 2 adjectives of qualitative research

A

emergent or flexible
-research question and research features may change throughout study

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4
Q

a qualitative study design is an overarching term that includes what 3 things

A

=strategy of inquiry
-philosophical worldviews
-methods (data generation and analysis)

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5
Q

what are the 6 strategies of inquiry

A

-narrative
-ethnogrophy
-phenomenology
-case study
-qualitative description
-grounded theory

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6
Q

in narrative research stories are used to bring what

A

uderstanding or meaning to the lievd experiences of individuals

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7
Q

in narrative research stories can be analyzed in what 2 ways

A

-in depth
or
-stand alone as a description of experience

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8
Q

in narrative research, stories are typically generated in what way

A

in-depth and unstructured interviews
-observations and participant journaling may also be used

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9
Q

ethnography is driven by questions that seek what

A

to understand cultures or a cultural group

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10
Q

what are 2 types of etnography in the lecture slides

A

critical ethnogrphy
autoethnography

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11
Q

what is the primary process for data generation

A

participant observation
-interviews and documents (like personal journals) may also be used

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12
Q

what is phenomenology

A

study of phenomenon or a concept through the exploration of lived experiences

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13
Q

how can phenomenology be understood

A

as a philosophy and a qualitative strategy of inquiry

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14
Q

what is the philosophy of phenomenology

A

assumes reality can not be teased apart from ones conscious experience of it
-reality is only perceived through the meaning of the individual

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15
Q

what is interpretative phenomenological analysis

A

how a phenomenon is experienced by participants

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16
Q

what is empirical phenomenology

A

researchers search for the essential, invarient central meaning of an experience

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17
Q

in phenomenologys data typically generated

A

multiple in depth interviews with particiapnts

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18
Q

researchers must suspend what when it comes to phenomenology

A

preconceived ideas about a phenomenon

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19
Q

what is bracketing

A

practice where reserachers record their own experiences with a phenomenon
-to set them aside so they can focus participants

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20
Q

what is a case study

A

study of the complexity and distinctiveness of a case within important circumstances

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21
Q

in case studies the case is bound by what

A

time and place

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22
Q

in case studies what are the 5 cases of interest

A

people
team
event
organization
community

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23
Q

in case studies data generation is typically what

A

extensive
-interviews, observation, visual methods

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24
Q

qualitative description is used by researchers who want to what

A

develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event
-summary in everyday language

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25
Q

what is grounded theory focused on

A

generation of analysis of data to construct a theory

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25
Q

what are typically used to generate data in qualitative description

A

individual or group interviews

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25
Q

in grounded theory what type of strategies are often employed and why

A

iterative (repititious)
-use comparitive methods to examine the data against each other to identify similiarites and differences

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26
Q

in grounded theory, the end product is what

A

a theory

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27
Q

what is data saturation

A

point in research process when no new info is discovered in data anaylsis or there has been enough data collected to draw necessary conclusions

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28
Q

what is purposeful sampling

A

recruit a sample of info-rich participants who will purposefully inform an understanding of the topic being studied

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29
Q

what are 3 types of purposeful sampling

A

-extreme case sampling
-maximum varitation sampling
-snowball sampling

30
Q

what is extreme case sampling

A

identyfing participants who are unusual or represent extremes

31
Q

what is maximum variation sampling

A

seeking heteorogeneity (diverse) in people, experiences, places, perspectives, et.c
-participants represent diversity

32
Q

what is snowball sampling

A

participants identifying other potential pariticpants who are deemed fitting to the research purpose

33
Q

sample sizes in qualitative studies are relatively what compared to most quantitative studies

A

small

34
Q

what are 5 considerations for determining sample size

A

-scope of study
-nature of topic
-quality of data
-number of interviews per participant
-study designs

35
Q

what should the general sample size be for a narrative strategy of inquiry

A

1 to 2

36
Q

what should the general sample size be for a phenomenology strategy of inquiry

A

5-8

37
Q

what should the general sample size be for a grounded theory strategy of inquiry

A

30-50

38
Q

what should the general sample size be for a ethnography strategy of inquiry

A

single group of people sharing same culture

39
Q

what should the general sample size be for a case study strategy of inquiry

A

single cases or 4-5 cases

40
Q

what should the general sample size be for a qualitative description strategy of inquiry

A

often takes on the tone of another strategy of inquiry and will use sample sizes consistent with that strategy

41
Q

qualitative studies often use how many methods of data generation

A

more than one

42
Q

what are 4 common methods of data generation

A

-interviews
-observation
-written documents
-visual and audia sources

43
Q

what is the most common method of data generation in qualitiatve

A

interviews

44
Q

what method of generation is often thougt to be synonyymous with qualitative research

A

interviews

45
Q

interviews are relational in nature and why is this important

A

to build and maintain rapport

46
Q

interviews can take what 2 forms

A

one on one
group

47
Q

interviews are typically comprised of what 3 main phases

A

introduction
questioning
closing

48
Q

\interview guide can be what 3 ways

A

-structured
-semi-structured
-unstructured

49
Q

are interviews often audio recorded

A

yes

50
Q

what are the 4 forms of observation

A

-complete partiipant
-participant as observer
-observer as participant
-complete observer

51
Q

in observations what is often used to record interviews

A

field notes

52
Q

what are the 2 types of observation where the researcher takes part in activity

A

-complete participant
-participant as observer

53
Q

what are the 2 observation types where the researcher identity is concealed

A

complete participant
complete observer

54
Q

what are the 2 types of obersvation where researches observe the acitvitty

A

observation as participant
complete observer

55
Q

what are the 2 types of observations where the researcher identity is revealed

A

observer as participant
participant as observer

56
Q

3 characteristics of complete participant observation

A

-researcher takes part in activity
-reseracher role not obvious
-good for rapport building

57
Q

what are 2 characteristics of complete observer observation

A

-no interaction with participants
-participants are not aware of researcher

58
Q

what are 3 characteristics of participant as observer

A

-researcher participates in acititiy
-there are breaks to record observations
-researcher is obvious

59
Q

what are 3 characteristics of observer as participant observation

A

-researchers observe at distance
-participant aware of researcher
-participation is of secondary importance

60
Q

what are 4 features that should be included on the observaitonal protocol

A

-header
-descriptive notes
-refelctive notes
-visual sketch

61
Q

written documents are typically used how

A

in addition to other forms of data generation

62
Q

visual data gives opportunity to what

A

show, as some participants may not express themselves comfortably through words

63
Q

what is inductive data analysis

A

-identify taxonomies, themes or theory from data generation in the research

64
Q

what is deductive data analysis

A

us an existing framework or list of categories to code the data

65
Q

when it comes to indcutive and deductive data anaylysis, researchers often use

A

use a combination of both

66
Q

in immediate data anaylsis, the researcher is the primary what

A

datat collection tool through which all data is filtered
-should reflect on the role they play in the data analysis

67
Q

what is spiral analysis

A

researchers mvoe between research stages
-data analysis is not a fixed linear approach

68
Q

what is the researchers flow through the data anaylsys process like in spiral analysis

A

circles
-returning to earlier steps in the analysis as new insights and reflections emerge

69
Q

what is the best way to conduct a qualitative analysis

A

there is none
-BUT ideal approach is one in which the steps in data analysis match the goals of the research and strategy of inquiry

70
Q

what are the 6 steps of data analysis

A

-organize and prepare the data
-read/look at all the data
-start coding all the data
-generate descriptions or themes
-decide how the findings will be represented
-interpret the findings

71
Q

what is the most common form to organize and prepare data

A

transcription

72
Q

what are 2 key thigns when it comes to transcriptions

A

-avoid cleaning up what was said
-acknoledge non-verbal featued

73
Q

what does the step of read or look at all the data allow for researchers

A

to focus on the larger picture
-move beyond sruface level of understnading

74
Q

the step fo denerating descriptions or themes is impacted by what

A

philosophical world view or theoretical lens

75
Q
A

Intro. to Research (7 decks)

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