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Intro. to Research > Quantitative Research > Flashcards

Quantitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

what is the foundation for the study design

A

prupose statement

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2
Q

what are the 5 main research elements to consider in a quantitative design

A

-are the people in the study assigned to groups
-how many measurements are being used
-what types of measurements or observations are being used
-is there any interest in generlizaing the findings to other populations or settings
-can you conclude that the findings are based on the manipulation of the independent variabel

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3
Q

describe the schematice question and answer dialogue to assess a quantitative reserch design

A
  1. is random assignement used?
    -yes = true experimental design
    -no…
  2. is there a control group?
    -yes = quasi-experimental design
    - no = pre-experimental design or non-experimental design
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4
Q

what is the only design that can be confidently used to identify a cause and effect relationship and why

A

true experimental design
-manipulation of the independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable

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5
Q

where are true experimental designs typically conducted and why

A

in a laboratory within a controlled environment
-this level of control helps to ensure the studys internal validity (external validity is not as easy to claim)

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6
Q

when is internal validity high

A

when a researcher is confident that any change in an outcome is the results of the treatment or intervention and not other factors

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7
Q

internal validity refers to what

A

quality of the research

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7
Q

what is external validity

A

extent to which the findings can be applied and generalized across situations, populations, etc.

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7
Q

internal validity consists of the control of what

A

extraneous variables

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8
Q

external validity is high when what

A

when the research findings are found in a situation that resembles real-life

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9
Q

why is external validity low in true experiments

A

in the real world there are likely many outside influences

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10
Q

a true experimental design includes what types of groups for participants, and the assignemnt to these groups are done how

A

experimental and control
-method of random assignment

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11
Q

what type of research design is considered gold standard for hypothesis testing

A

randomized control trial

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12
Q

what is randomized control trial

A

a type of true experimental research design
TYPES
-pre and post test design
-post test design only

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13
Q

2 types of true experimentl designs

A

-pre and post test design
-post test only design
-within subjects design

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14
Q

what is the purpose of a pre and post test design

A

to compare changes in the dependent variable between the groups

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15
Q

describe the general process of a pre and post test design

A

-pre test assessement is done on the participants
-they are then randomly assigned to either epcerimental or control group
-after the intervention, a post test assessment is done to all participants
-compare the data from the post test to identify the changes between both groups

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16
Q

what is the purpose of a post test only design

A

to compare differences in dependent variable between groups

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17
Q

describe the general process of a post test only design

A

-participants are randomly assigned to weither experimental or control group
-then post test assessement is done
-compare the data from the post test to see differences between the 2 groups

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18
Q

what type of testing is involved in within0subject desgin

A

multiple testing sessions for each participant
-participants complete control and experimental condition

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19
Q

if participatns are not randomized into experimental or control groups in within subjects design how is it a true experimental design

A

because the order of conditions (experimental and control) are randomized
-either start with control or experimental

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20
Q

what is the purpose of a within subject design

A

to compare the changes in the dependent variable within the same subjects

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21
Q

describe the process of within subject design

A

-pre test assessement done on the aprticipants
-participatns randomized into either the group that starts with the experiment or control
-post assessement done on the participants

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22
Q

what are 3 things that a true experimental design must include

A

-random assignemnt to groups
-control group
-manipulation of the independent variable

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23
quasi experimental design are studies that are sort of what and why sort of
experimental in design -because no randomization of groups but contains control groups
24
what are 3 reasons as to why randomization to groups might not happen in a design
-intact groups -innate or immutable traits -unethical to randomly assign
25
what level of internal and external validity do quasi experimental studies have
low on internal but often higher in external
26
what are 3 key characteristics of a quasi experimental designs process
-people are studied in real-world settings -an independent variable is introduced or manipulated -there is a dependent variable (effect) that is measured
27
what are the 3 types of quasi experimental designs
-pre and post test design -repeated measure design -single participant design
28
single participant design include what and examines what1
-person or small number of people over time -examine whether dependent variable changes in individuals over an intervention
29
when are pre-experimental research designs used
when true and quasi experimental designs are not possible
30
in pre experimental research designs what do researchers examine
one group of individuals and provide an intervention during the study
31
what is absent in pre experimental research design
control group for comparison
32
in pre experimental research design, instead of having a control group what can there be
a non-equivalent comparison group -eiter during the study or after the intervention -non-randomly chosen who get nothing or get an alternative intervention
33
what are 3 types of pre-experimental study designs
-one group post-test only -pre test post test design -post test with non equvialent groups
34
describe a pre experimental, one group post test design
participants are exposed to an intervention and then are assessed on th eoutcome of interest
35
describe a pre experimental pre test post test with one group
participants complete an assessement, are exposed to an intervention, and then complete an assessement
36
desribe a pre expiremental post test only with non-equivalent groups design
-used after an intervention is implemented with one of 2 intact groups -both experimental and comparison group complete a post-test assessement
37
what is a feasibility study
used to assess whether a planned main study can be done and the practicality of the study elements
38
what is a pilot study
type of feasibility study -small-scale and scope preliminary test of whether the critical elements of the main study will be feasible
39
feasibility and pilot studies can be conducted to improve what
the chances of conducting a high-quality randomised control trial
40
pilot studies and preliminary results are requried in many what
competitive research grands
41
what are 3 characteristics of a non-experimental research design
-no randomization to groups -no groups to randomize to (no control group) -no manipulation of the independent variable
42
non-experimental research designs are used to report what
correlations among varibles of interest -cause and effect cannot be inferred
43
often non-experimental designs are what in nature
descriptive
44
what ate cross-sectional desgns
assessements occur at one point in time
45
what are longitudinal design
assessements occur over a period of time
46
non-experimental research designs are ofthen used when
the independent variable cannot feasibly be manipulated -ex:sex, personality traits, agreesion in sport
47
what are 2 reasons why non-experimental research designs can be helpful
-can help determine if experimental design is warranted -can help generate hypothesis for further research
48
what is epidemiology adn what type of design does it use
study of how diseases occur in different groups of people and why -non-expiremental design
49
what is validity
degree to which researchs can have confidence in conclusions based on the research they conduct
50
threats to internal valitidy are factors that may waht
alter the dependent variable seperate from the effects of the indipendent variabel
51
internal validity can be affected by threats related to what 3 thigns
-experimental procedure -manipulation -participant
52
what are 2 threats related to experimental procedures
testing and instrument accuracy
53
what is testing when it becomes threat to internal validity and what are 2 prevention methods
when participants becom familiar with the test -wash out period (time between treatment periods) -different measures in 2nd test
54
what are 3 ways that instrument accuracy can be a threat to internal validity
-no equipment calibration -inappropraite use of instrument -inconsistencies with technique/protocols
55
what are 2 ways to prevent instrument accuracy from being a threat to internal validit
-detailed procedures/protocols -same individual testing
56
what are 2 threats related to manipulation
-diffusion of treatments -halo effct
57
what is diffusion of treatments and how can this threat be prevented
any communication between participants that could impact the dependent variabl -keep groups seperate
58
what is the halo effect and how can this threat be prevented
anything that clouds the researchers impartiality -follow a strict script
58
what are 5 threats related to participants
-maturation -history -selection bias -experimental drop-out -placebo/hawthorne effect
59
what is a way to prevent a threat related to maturation and what is it
natural changes in study participants -measured and account for maturation
60
what is the threat of histroy and what is a way to prevent this
event other than experimental manipulation affecting results of the study -randomization
61
what is the threat of selection and what is a way to prevent this
groups are biased on some or many characteristics -random assignment
62
what is the threat of experimental drop-out and what is a way to prevent this
have appropriate sample size to account for this
63
what is the threat of placebo/hawthorne effects and what is a way to prevent this
participants react in the way they are expected to react -single blind or double blind study
64
threats to external validity are what type of factors
ones that comprimise the ability to generalize research findings to be used amon other people, settings or tiem
65
external validity can be threatened by interactions between waht 3 things
-selection and treatment -setting and treatment -history and treatment
66
what is a threat due to selection and treatment interactoin and why is this a threat and what is a prevention
when you end up choosing a highly unique population -treatment may be effetive only for them, meaning it canot be generalized to individuals with diff. characteristics -prevention: groups with diverse characteristics
67
what is a threat due to setting and treatment interactoin, why is this a threat and what is a prevention
study happens in a highly CONTROLED environment, way too diff. from the real world -challenging to know if same outcomes will be found in real world -prevention: replication of study in diff. settings
68
what is a threat due to history and treatment interaction and what is a prevention
when your study was conducted at a time that is no longer relevant or with equipmetn that is no longer relevant -prevention: replication of studies overtime
69
what are 3 ways researchers deal with threats to validity
-consider priorities (internal or external validity) -when possible, prevent them -when not posisble or unforeseen events, acknowledge and interpret research findings accordingly
70
what are 2 diff. ways a control group can be conducted other then doing nothing and what does this help prevent
-do an alternate condition -be a gold standard condition (ex: testing new drug) -prevents drop out/placebo effect and other threats
71
what are the 4 criteria that are used to evaliate the merits of experimental studies in quantitative research
validities -internal -external -construct -logical
72
what are 2 potential ways to increase internal validity
include a control condition in addition to an experimental conditino -randomly assign participants to conditions
73
do control condition and random assignment alone guarantee internal validity
no -must consider any details of a study to provide addition protection agrainst threats -NO PERFECT STUDY (impossible to control for all threats to internal valdiity)
74
what are 2 key things to generalizing study findings
ensuring that the sample chosen is representatiev of the population you wish to generalize the results to -extent to which the conditions of the study reflect the real world
75
limits to external validity of most studies in kinesiology include what
reliance on non-random selection of participants
76
what is logical validity
quality of researchers arguments, application of theory to support the needs for the study, and appropriate interpretationf of results based on the data
77
what is construct validity
refers to whether the measures used by researchers do indeed measure what they intended to measure
78
how to make sure you have construct validity
development of a nomological network -evidence that describes how measures are related -used to justify support researchers choices
79
what validities can be used to evaluate the merits of non experimental quantitative studies
logical and construct
79
in order to evaluate the internal and external validity of a study, what must be present
manipulation of an independent variable -result of a treatment or intervention
80

Intro. to Research (7 decks)

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