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Biochemistry-3 > Quan > Flashcards

Quan Flashcards

1
Q

What is most of the oxygen usage commited to?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is activation of O2 mediated by at body temperature?

A

metal ions

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3
Q

___ ___ active metal ions are generally sequestered

A

Free redox

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4
Q

What are reactive oxygen species?

A

partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen

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5
Q

What are the 3 ways of ROS formation?

A
  1. O2 with reactive metal
  2. Mitochondrial electron transfer reactions
  3. enzymatic reaction
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6
Q

What is oxidative stress balanced by?

A

ROS producing factors and antioxidants

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7
Q

Oxidative stress generated during ischemia/repurfusion results from?

A

the disruption of electron transfer chain

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8
Q

How does ROS damage cell membranes?

A

by interacting with polyunsaturated fatty acids to create lipid peroxide

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9
Q

How does ROS damage DNA

A

by causing DNA break

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10
Q

How does ROS damage protein function

A

oxidize amino acids

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11
Q

What is ROS important for?

A

production of bioactive molecules and for the killing of bacteria

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12
Q

What is a critical enzyme in bacterial killing?

A

myeloperoxidase

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13
Q

What three mechanisms is ROS defended by

A

prevention
repair
physical barrier

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14
Q

Name 6 antioxidant defenses

A 
SOD
catalase
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
glutathione
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15
Q

liver serves as a ___ for all ____ ___

A

filter

digested materials

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16
Q

What has a broad range of synthetic and catabolic functions?

A

hepatocytes

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17
Q

Where is metabolic waste secreted into?

A

biliary tree

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18
Q

Where does the biliary tree drain into ?

A

Small intestine and excreted in feces

19
Q

What can hepatic malfunction lead to

A 
Increased:
bilirubin
glucose
albumin
prothrombin time
urea
cholesterol
drug half-life
bile acids
20
Q

what does the portal vein drain?

A

metabolites of the gut to liver

21
Q

What does glucose-6-phosphatase do

A

it is a key enzyme in the liver that permits the release of free glucose to the blood

22
Q

What are 3 liver proteins?

A

albumin, coagulation factors and acute phase proteins

23
Q

What does C-reactive protein (CRP) do?

A

critical phase protein that responds to inflammation or infection

24
Q

What is the urea cycle essential for?

A

removal of nitrogen generated by amino acids, thereby preventing ammonia toxicity

25
Q

What can cause brain damage?

A

Impaired clearance of ammonia

26
Q

Function of Heme

A

O2 binding moiety in Mb, Hb, and cytochrome

27
Q

What is the rate limiting step in heme synthesis?

A

production of 5-ALA from SCoA and Glycine

28
Q

What happens at the final stage in heme synthesis

A

Fe2+ is added by ferrochelatase to protoporphyrin to form heme

29
Q

How does Heme control the rate of its synthesis

A

inhibiting 5-ALA synthesis

30
Q

what is the catabolic product of heme

A

Bilirubin

31
Q

T/F bilirubin is soluble

A

F

32
Q

T/F biliverdin is soluble

A

T

33
Q

What is processed through the gut and excreted

A

Conjugated bilirubin

34
Q

What is the imbalance between bilirubin production and excretion

A

hyperbilirbinemia

35
Q

What is caused by increased bilirubin production

A

prehepatic jaundice

36
Q

What is intrahepatic jaundice caused by?

A

impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation or secretion of bilirubin

37
Q

What is posthepatic jaundice

A

obstruction of biliary drainage

38
Q

What are the two phases that drugs are metabolized in the liver?

A
  1. addition of polar group

2. conjugation of organic group

39
Q

What mediates addition of polar group?

A

cytochrome P-450

40
Q

What mediates conjugation of organic group?

A

sulfation, acetylation, methylation

41
Q

What does an overdose of acetaminophen lead to

A

production of free radical-mediated cytotoxicity

42
Q

What is alcohol metabolized by?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

43
Q

what does alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produce?

A

acetate

Biochemistry-3 (6 decks)

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