Bartling

Question 1

Cellular signal transduction cassettes __, __, and __ external signals

Answer 1

detect, amplify, and integrate

Question 2

Cellular signal transduction use external signals comprised of: SER

Answer 2

Specific cell surface membrane receptors
Effector signaling elements
Regulatory proteins

Question 3

Seven steps of cell signals

Answer 3

1. Synthesis of the signaling molecule (ligand)
2. Release of the signaling molecule (ligand)
3. Transport of signaling molecule to target cell
4. Binding of the ligand by a specific receptor protein and change in conformation
5. Change in cellular metabolism, function, or development = cellular response
6. Removal of ligand, terminating cellular response
7. Degradation of ligand

Question 4

Define hormones

Answer 4

Chemical messengers made by endocrine cell and secreted into the bloodstream

Question 5

What do hormones affect?

Answer 5

Gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 6

Define autocrine

Answer 6

act on same cell that secreted them

Question 7

Define paracrine

Answer 7

act on other cells

Question 8

4 types of hormones

Answer 8

Steriods
amine (amino acid derived)
peptide (usually lumped together with polypeptides)
polypeptide

Question 9

Cholesterol precursor

Answer 9

Corticosteroids, androgens, and estrogens

Question 10

steroid hormones immediately ___ out of the ___ cells into the bloodstreams

Answer 10

diffuse

endocrine

Question 11

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble or insoluble?

Answer 11

Lipid soluble (can cross cell membrane)

Question 12

Where are intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors located?

Answer 12

inside target cells

Question 13

Steroid hormones have a shorter or longer half-life?

Answer 13

longer half-life than peptide hormones

Question 14

Amine hormones are ___ or ___ derived

Answer 14

tyrosine or tryptophan

Question 15

Where are amine hormones stored?

Answer 15

in endocrine cells until secreted

Question 16

where can the amine hormones receptors located?

Answer 16

on cell surface or intracellular

Question 17

Where are polypeptide hormones stored if they do not enter the bloodstream immediately?

Answer 17

in endocrine cell vesicles

Question 18

Are polypeptide hormone water soluble or insoluble?

Answer 18

soluble

Question 19

Polypeptide hormones do not readily pass through ___ ___

Answer 19

cell membrane

Question 20

What do polypeptide hormones bind to?

Answer 20

external receptors

Question 21

What are intracellular effect mediated by?

Answer 21

second messengers - internal reactions

Question 22

What are low-molecular weight signaling molecules?

Answer 22

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or calcium

Question 23

Ligand binding forms dimer that activates ___ ___ that phosphorylate downstream targets (signal cascade)

Answer 23

tyrosine kinases

Question 24

T/F

Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors have intrinsic enzymatic activity

Answer 24

F, they do not have intrinsic enzymatic activity