Quan

Question 1

Is oxygen inert or reactive at body temperature?

Answer 1

inert at body temperature, but highly reactive at high temperatures

Question 2

Most of the oxygen usage is committed to

Answer 2

oxidative phosphorylation (90%)

Question 3

oxidation is the ____ of electrons or and ____ in oxidation state by a molecule/atom

Answer 3

loss of electrons, increase in oxidation

Question 4

Reduction is the ____ of electrons or and ____ in oxidation state by a molecule/atom

Answer 4

gain of electrons, decrease in oxidation

Question 5

free redox active metal ions are usually ____?

Answer 5

generally sequestered (hidden away)

Question 6

_________ are partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen

Answer 6

ROS (Reactive oxygen species)

Question 7

The main ROS you should know:

Answer 7

H202
superoxide
hypochlorite ion
OH radical (OH is the most reactive and damaging!)

Question 8

What is a radical?

Answer 8

also called a free radical, is a cluster of atoms, one of which contains an unpaired electron in the outermost shell of electrons; thus radicals are extremely unstable and quickly react with others

Question 9

The three ways of formation of a ROS:

Answer 9

1) O2 with reactive metal
2) in mitochondrial electron transfer reactions
3) enzymatic reaction

Question 10

Fenton reaction

Fe+2 + H2O2 —>

Answer 10

Fe+3 + OH` + OH-

note: OH`= OH with an unpaired electron = radical!

Question 11

Oxidative stress is balanced by:

Answer 11

ROS producing factors and antioxidants

Question 12

________ is generated during ischemia/reperfusion. Results from the disruption of the _______.

Answer 12

Oxidative stress; electron transfer chain

Question 13

ROS damages cell membrane by interacting with ___________ to create ________.

Answer 13

polyunsaturated fatty acids to create lipid peroxide

Question 14

ROS damages DNA by causing ______ to break

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

ROS oxidize ________ to damage protein function

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

ROS are also important for the production of ______ and for the killing of _______

Answer 16

bio-active molecules and killing of bavcterial

Question 17

A critical enzyme in bacteral killing is

Answer 17

myeloperoxidase

Question 18

ROS are defended by three mechanisms:

Answer 18

prevention, repair, and physical barrier

Question 19

Antioxidant defenses are:

Answer 19

SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, vitamin A, vitamin C, glutathione

Question 20

Liver serves as a filter for all______

Answer 20

digested material

Question 21

_______have a broad range of synthetic and catabolic functions. Located in the liver.

Answer 21

Hepatocytes

Question 22

________ is secreted into biliary tree which drains into small intestine and excreted in feces.

Answer 22

metabolic waste

Question 23

Hepatic malfunction can lead to _________ bilirubin, glucose, albumin, prothrombin time, urea, cholesterol, drug half-life, and bile acids

Answer 23

increased

Question 24

_____drain metabolites of the gut to the liver

Answer 24

portal vein

Question 25

a key enzyme in the liver that permits the release of free glucose to the blood is…

Answer 25

glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 26

The three liver proteins:

Answer 26

albumin
coagulation factors
acute phase protein

Question 27

___________ is a critical acute phase protein that responds to inflammation or infection.

Answer 27

CRP (c-reactive protein)

Question 28

Urea cycle is essential for the removal of _____ generated by _______, thereby preventing ammonia toxicity.

Answer 28

nitrogen, amino acids

Question 29

________ of ammonia causes brain damage.

Answer 29

Impaired clearance

Question 30

____ is the O2 binding moeity in Mb, Hb, and cytochrome.

Answer 30

Heme

Question 31

The rate limiting step in heme synthesis is..

Answer 31

the production of 5-ALA from SCoA and Glycine

Question 32

A the final stage of heme synthesis is adding ______ by ferrochelatase to ______ to form heme.

Answer 32

adding Fe2+ to protoporphyrin

Question 33

______ controls the rate of its synthesis by inhibiting _____ synthesis.

Answer 33

Heme; 5-ALA

Question 34

_____ is the catabolic product of heme

Answer 34

bilirubin

Question 35

_____ is soluble, while _____ is not soluble.

Answer 35

biliverdin; bilirubin not soluble

Question 36

_____bilirubin can be processed through the gut and excreted.

Answer 36

conjugated bilirubin

Question 37

_____is the imbalance b/w its production and excretion.

Answer 37

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 38

_____is caused by increased bilirubin production

Answer 38

Prehepatic jaundice

Question 39

_____is caused by impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin.

Answer 39

Intrahepatic Jaundice

Question 40

_____ is caused by the obstruction of biliary drainage.

Answer 40

Posthepatic Jaundice

Question 41

Most drugs are metabolized in the liver in two phases: ______ of polar group (mediated by cytochrome P-450) and _______ of organic group (sulfation, acetylation, methylation)

Answer 41

addition of polar group and conjugation of organic group

Question 42

Overdose of acetaminophen leads to the production of ________.

Answer 42

Free radical-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 43

Alcohol is metabolized by ________ and __________ to produce acetate.

Answer 43

alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase