Ley's

Question 1

Proteins that have crossed a membrane are no longer topologically inside the cell. They must ____________ to get back inside the cell.

Answer 1

recross the membrane

Question 2

Vesicles move from compartment to compartment within a cell by____________ and ____________.

Answer 2

budding off and membrane fusion

Question 3

Many proteins have signal sequences at their _______that direct the proteins to cross the membrane. Fewer proteins have ________.

Answer 3

amino terminus; internal signal sequences

Question 4

The nucleus is surrounded by a double lipid membrane bilayer, however______ allow molecules, including proteins to pass from the cytosol into the nucleus and back.

Answer 4

nuclear pores

Question 5

Larger proteins pass through nuclear pores by an______ .

Answer 5

active process

Question 6

Nuclear import receptors bind to_______ found on some nuclear bound proteins and facilitate transport into the nucleus.

Answer 6

nuclear transport signals

Question 7

It generally requires _____ to transport proteins from the cytosol into the luman of the mitochondria.

Answer 7

multiple signals
(There are multiple protein translocators in the mitochondrial membrane.  Each translocator interacts with a specific set of proteins)

Question 8

Transport of protein into the mitochondria requires ______.

Answer 8

energy

Question 9

Proteins enter peroxisomes using a mechanism similar to _______-entry.

Answer 9

mitochondrial

Question 10

Proteins travel from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through the ____ to many sites.

Answer 10

golgi

Question 11

A ________ binds to the signal sequence during translation and directs the nascent peptide to the ER membrane.

Answer 11

signal recognition protein (SRP)

Question 12

Proteins bound for the mitochondria are translated in the ______and than transported through the mitochondrial membrane. A process that requires ATP.

Answer 12

cytosol

Question 13

Proteins that are headed into or through the ER are transported through the ER membrane during _______. This process does not require any additional energy.

Answer 13

translation

Question 14

Carbohydrate modification of proteins in the ___ helps direct them to their ultimate location.

Answer 14

ER

Question 15

The “default pathway” if there are no other signals directing the protein to other locations, is to send the protein to

Answer 15

the cell surface.

Question 16

In regulated secretory pathway cells store ____ in secretory vesicles until they are signaled to release them from the cell by fusion of the vesicles with the cellular membrane.

Answer 16

proteins

Question 17

Leptin, Ghrelin and Insulin are important regulators of ___.

Answer 17

food intake

Question 18

____ circulates, in the body, at levels proportional to body fat.

Answer 18

Leptin

Question 19

___ signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, or satiety.

Answer 19

Leptin

Question 20

Adipose tissue produces _____ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs

Answer 20

adipokines

Question 21

AMP and AMP/ATP regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) that senses _____.

Answer 21

cellular energy levels

Question 22

AMPK regulates _______ in energy-producing and using pathways

Answer 22

rate-limiting enzymes

Question 23

____ levels of AMPK activity inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways

Answer 23

high

Question 24

_____ Ghrelin increases appetite

Answer 24

increased

Question 25

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with . Estimated daily protein requirements vary with age and sex.

Answer 25

age and sex

Question 26

The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is ___ to the calorie utilization for that day

Answer 26

equal

Question 27

Recommended daily allowance (RDA) for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals. The estimated average requirement (EAR) reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population.

Answer 27

.

Question 28

Different nutrients have different energy content. ____has the highest energy content per weight. Alcohol has a high-energy content.

Answer 28

Fat

Question 29

Increases in obesity are correlated with an____ in the use of high fructose corn syrup.

Answer 29

increase

Question 30

High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using_____ followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.

Answer 30

amylase

Question 31

There are several potential health issues associated with comsumption of high fructose corn syrup including: mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity

Answer 31

.

Question 32

Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including: decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.

Answer 32

.

Question 33

Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.

Answer 33

.

Question 34

___ fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health.

Answer 34

Trans

Question 35

Saturated fats _____ levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

_____ fats increase levels of LDL and also lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol); thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.

Answer 36

Trans

Question 37

Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body (Plasma, kidney, lung, gut wall) but ___ is prime site.

Answer 37

liver

Question 38

There are several mechanisms of Drug Resistance including: 1) decreased permeability 2) alteration of the target site for the drug 3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug 4) active transport of the drug out of the cell 5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug.

Answer 38

.

Question 39

An increase in DNA repair activity can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target ___.

Answer 39

DNA

Question 40

Multidrug resistant results from an ___ in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell.

Answer 40

increase

Question 41

Know the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

Answer 41

1) Cell proliferation, 2) Cell specialization, 3) Cell interaction, 4) Cell movement.

Question 42

Know about cell fates and determination.

Answer 42

.

Question 43

Know that homeotic genes direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms.

Answer 43

..

Question 44

Know about the similarities between developmental genes from different organisms.

Answer 44

.

Question 45

Know that genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of control regions directing transcription in different regions of the organism.

Answer 45

.

Question 46

Know that homeotic genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in fruit flies and humans.

Answer 46

.