Quality Management Flashcards
project quality management
includes processes to plan an approach to delivering acceptable quality products by having effective work processes, continuously improving those processes, and identifying quality issues in deliverables. since quality is often managed at the organizational level, project quality management often involves understanding organizational policy and procedure and tailoring it to the uniqueness of the project.
project quality management
- processes
- plan quality management (planning)
- manage quality (executing)
- control quality (monitoring and controlling)
quality
the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements. customer satisfaction is obtained through conformance to these requirements and fitness for use
grade
ranks a product by measuring its characteristics or features. a product can be of low grade, but high quality. low grade is not always a problem; low quality is always a problem
Deming
(PDCA) plan - do - check - act cycle; 85% of quality issues are management related
Kaizen
Japanese for continuous improvement
Crosby
the cost of nonconformance is high - “do it right the first time”
Juran’s Trilogy
quality planning, quality control, quality improvements
Taguchi
popularized design of experiments (DOE) - a technique to statistically determine how the different variables of a product can be maximized for production
Kanban
Just-in-time, reducing inventories to a minimum to meet demand
ISO 9000
set of quality-related standards (latest revision in 2015)
plan quality management
the process of researching, analyzing, and identifying the quality standard appropriate to the project and documenting how the project team will meet those standards
focuses on the product development process to generate quality deliverables. these may include an assembly line, a step-by-step procedure, or other guidelines that minimize variation in project work.
plan quality management
- key inputs
- project charter
plan quality management
- key tools and techniques
- data gathering
- benchmarking
- brainstorming
- interviews
- data analysis
- cost-benefit analysis
- cost of quality
plan quality management
- key outputs
- quality management plan
- quality metrics
benchmarking
a technique of creating a basis for measuring current project performance using information from comparable projects
may include comparing stakeholder business processes and needs to existing organizations with similar operations
cost-benefit analysis
a technique in which the project team evaluates the benefit of quality (less rework, lower costs, and stakeholder acceptance) so that the cost of quality does not exceed the benefit
cost of quality (COQ)
the total cost involved in preventing poor quality, inspection and correction of defects
cost of conformance
the good costs of quality
- process improvement
- training
- upgrading equipment
- taking time / care
- inspections
cost of non-conformance
the bad costs of quality
- scrap
- rework
- warranty
- liability
- loss of reputation
flowcharts
display the visual steps and decisions involved in a work process. they can be used across all the quality management processes and are particularly relevant to the process improvement activities involved in manage quality
logical data model
a graphical data representation described using business language rather than specific technology
matrix diagrams
can help map relationships between different factors, causes, and objectives
mind mapping
provides a visual representation of quality requirements, constraints, dependencies, and other relationships
test and inspection planning
includes planning how to test or inspect the project deliverables to ensure stakeholder requirements will be met
quality management plan
formal documentation describing how the project management team will implement the organixation’s quality management policies and create deliverables that meet requirements. this may include a definition of how the value of product development processes can be continually improved. this is a subsidiary plan of the project management plan
quality metrics
the documentation stating how quality will be measured for project products or processes. this will include the thresholds or criteria that constitute conformance versus non-conformance
manage quality
this process is the proactive implementation of quality policy to helo the project team achieve continuous improvement and prevent defects. this is the executing process of performing activities that improve quality
this process is focused on the process improvement of product development. it does not include deliverables, inspection, testing, or defect repair (rework)
manage quality
- key inputs
- project management plan
- quality management plan
manage quality
- key tools and techniques
- data analysis
- alternatives analysis
- document analysis
- process analysis
- root cause analysis
- decision making
- multicriteria decision analysis
- audits
- design for x
- quality improvement methods
manage quality
- key outputs
- quality reports
- test and evaluation documents
- change requests
quality control measurements
the data results from the control quality process. this data may reveal which defects are most common and provide insight into which processes need to be improved. this might be in the format of a control chart, Pareto diagram, or other quality tools.
checklists
are structured documents used to verify that required actions are performed during an inspection. quality checklists will serve as an input to the quality control process
an organizational document that may have steps or requirements defined to ensure all required information is included in the project management plan
help provide standardization during inspection
process analysis
the review of project processes to ensure their effectiveness and identify opportunities for improvement
root cause analysis
a technique used to discover the underlying reasons for defects. finding common cases may help to streamline resolution
a technique to identify problems and the underlying causes for each to better develop a solution
affinity diagrams
consolidate a large number of ideas into groupings
prioritize potential causes of defects
cause and effect diagram
also known as fishbone or ishikawa diagram. provides a graphical representation of potential factors that can lead to project issues
histograms
display the statistical distribution of a dataset. (bar chart)
Pareto chart
used for prioritizing corrective actions. based on the 80/20 rule, 80% of the defects come from 20% of the causes; it is useful to see which causes have contributed most to product defects. (bar chart and a line chart)
scatter diagrams
display data points representing the relationship between a dependent and independent variable. the grouping of data points can present information on how closely the variables are related.
audits
reviews of project activities to determine if organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures are being followed.
a technique to document how well risk response has addressed identified risks
a structured review of the procurement process. if discrepancies from the agreements are identified they should be brought back to the attention of the buyer and seller’s project managers
design for x
a set of technical guidelines that ensure a focus on reliability, deployment, assembly, manufacturing, usability, or safety during product design to help ensure enhanced quality in deliverables.
problem-solving
can be used to define the quality problem, identify the root-cause, generate possible solutions, or choose and implement solutions.
quality improvement methods
should be performed based on the findings of quality audits and problem-solving. common methodologies include six sigma and plan-do-check-act
quality reports
may include a list of quality management issues, recommendations for process improvement, and a summary of findings from the control quality process.
test and evaluation documents
can be created to document established parameters around how the achievement of quality objectives will be measured
control quality
the process of project team’s monitoring and inspection of deliverables and project management results to evaluate their compliance with quality standards.
the control quality process is focused on the inspection of project deliverables. if deliverables conform to requirements, they will be verified by the project team, If deliverables do not conform, change requests for defect repair may be issued.
control quality
- key inputs
- project documents
- lessons learned register
- quality metrics
- test and evaluation document
- deliverables
control quality
- key tools and techniques
- data gathering
- checklists
- check sheets
- statistical sampling
- questionnaires and surveys
- data analysis
- performance reviews
- root cause analysis
- inspection
- testing/product evaluations
- data representation
- cause and effect diagrams
- control charts
- histogram
- scatter diagrams
control quality
- key outputs
- quality control measurements
- verified deliverables
- work performance information
- change requests
checksheets
can be used for collecting and organizing data in real-time which performing inspections
statistical sampling
a technique of choosing a subset of a larger group to control the effort and costs of testing (inspection). assumptions can be made for the larger group based on the subset
questionnaires and surveys
can be used to assess customer satisfaction and to determine if the deliverable is fit for use
inspection
the act of the project team examining or testing that work and deliverables meet requirements and acceptance criteria
the stakeholder examination and validation that work and deliverables meet requirements and acceptance criteria
testing and product evaluations
the act of the project team examining or testing that work and deliverables meet requirements and acceptance criteria
control charts
display the stability of a process, chowing the relation of data points to control limits over time
approved change requests reviews
can be thought of as “re-inspection” for deliverables that have been repaired due to change requests.
retrospectives / lessons learned
can be held by the project team to discuss ways to continuously improve project performance
quality control measurements
are the data results form inspection which may reveal which defects are most common and provide insight to which processes need to be improved (input to manage quality) this might be in the format of a control chart, Pareto diagram, or other quality tool
verified deliverables
represent the deliverable that have been found to conform to requirements. in the case that defect repair has been performed, re-inspection may lead to validated changes. verified deliverables are an input of the validate scope process.
change requests
may be issued by the project team to repair defects found during inspection
may be issued by project stakeholder based on their understanding of project performance and opportunities to bring future project results closer in line with the plan.
may be generated if the stakeholder find that the project’s deliverables do not meet acceptance criteria or are not fit for use.
can be generated after the scope baseline has been approved and the team revisits decomposition (through progressive elaboration) and identifies new work not in the approved plan
preventative or corrective change requests may be generated by the project management team to help bring future schedule results closer in line with the schedule baseline. potential change requests include - crashing, fast tracking, descoping, extending the schedule baseline
precision
the degree to which a measurement produces similar results
accuracy
the degree to which a measurement is correct
bell curve and six sigma
the bell curve shows the normal distribution of results. one sigma (σ) represents the area under the curve at one standard deviation from the mean
1σ = 68.26% 2σ = 95.46% 3σ = 99.73% 6σ = 99.999%
three-sigma was long accepted as a satisfactory level of quality. at six sigma variances are so small that there are no more than 3.4 defects outside the control limits for every million units
