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CLINICAL CHEM > QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES > Flashcards

QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES Flashcards

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1
Q

graphical representations that display the control observation as a function or time

A

Quality control charts

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2
Q

Control results are plotted on the Y-axis (ordinate)

vs time on the X-axis (abscissa)

A

Shewart Levey - Jennings chart

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3
Q

• Most widely used QC chart in the clinical

laboratory

• It easily identifies random and systematic errors

A

Shewart Levey - Jennings Chart

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4
Q
  • All control values are within +/- 2 SD

• One outlier in 20 determinations

• No Trend / No Shift

A

In - Control

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5
Q
  • Presence of two or more outliers

• Presence of a Trend

• Presence of a Shift

A

Out - of control

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6
Q

Uses a series of control rules for interpreting data

A

WESTGARD MULTIRULE CHART

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7
Q

Establish a criterion for judging whether an analytic

process is out of control. It recognizes that the use

of simple upper or lower quality control limit is not

enough to identify analytical problems

A

WESTGARD MULTIRULE CHART

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8
Q
  • False rejection is kept low

• Error detection is improved

A

WESTGARD MULTIRULE CHART

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9
Q

One control observation exceeds +/- 2SD

A

12s

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10
Q

12s indication

A

Warning, result is still acceptable

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11
Q

2 consecutive values exceed +/- SD

A

22s

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12
Q

22s error

A

Systematic error

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13
Q

one value exceeds +/- 3SD

A

13s

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14
Q

13s error

A

random errror

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15
Q

One value exceeds +2SD and other value exceeds -2SD

A

R4s

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16
Q

R4s error

A

random error

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17
Q

4 consecutive values exceed +/- 1SD

A

41s

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18
Q

41s error

A

Systematic error

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19
Q

10 consecutive values fall on one side of the mean

A

10x

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20
Q

10 x error

A

Systematic error

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21
Q
  • Goes beyond monitoring, detecting, and preventing errors.

• Achieves new levels of performance through quality control, and addresses chronic problems.

A

Quality improvement

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22
Q

Hands-on process with the single mantra of
“improvement” – this is a performance to improve the program in which the goal is to improve the
process by eliminating variations of errors.

A

Six sigma

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23
Q

Improved in six sigma

A
  • performance
  • quality
  • bottom line
  • customer satisfaction
  • employee satisfaction
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24
Q

It measures the degree of variability or error in products or services through statistics and quantitative parameters

A

Six sigma

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25
Q

A tool that can be used to reduce laboratory errors, increase productivity and improve quality in the clinical laboratory

A

six sigma

26
Q

main goal of sigma

A

to reduce the number of defects to near zero

27
Q

What is measured in six sigma

A

Defects per million opportunities

28
Q

Anything that does not meet customer requirements

A

Defect

29
Q

Goal of six sigma

A

3.4 DPMO or 99.9997% yield

30
Q

It calculates the difference between quality control
results and target means

A

Cumulative chart

31
Q

common methods of cusum

A

v-mask

32
Q

It identifies consistent bias problems; it requires
computer implementation

A

CUSUM chart

33
Q

This plot will give the earliest indication of systemic errors (trend) and can be used with the 13s rule

A

CUSUM chart

34
Q

found in clinical laboratories with microcomputer quality control programs found in clinical laboratories with microcomputer quality control programs

A

Decision limit CUSUM

35
Q

Very sensitive to systematic errors but does not
provide very good detection of random errors

A

Cumulative Sum chart

36
Q

The results are out of control when the slope exceeds

A

45 degrees Celsius or a decision (+/- 2.7 SD) is exceeded

37
Q

very sensitive to small persistent error that commonly occur in the modern low calibration frequency analyzer

A

CUSUM graph

38
Q

this is a consistent, repeatable error with faulty equipment or flawed experiment design

A

Systematic error

39
Q

caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment

A

Random error

40
Q

Also known as scatter diagram

A

Youden plot/ twin plot

41
Q

It is used to compare results obtained on a high and low control serum from different laboratorie

A

Youden plot or twin plot

42
Q

Information about the nature of the systematic error can be obtained when two different control materials have been analyze

A

Youden plot/ twin plot

43
Q

*Presents information in an efficient, graphical
format

• Structured prepared form for collecting and
analyzing data

A

Check sheet

44
Q

• Accomplished with a simple listing of items

• The data can either be quantitative or qualitative in nature

• Its use may be enhanced by incorporating a
depiction of the system under analysis into the Form

A

Check sheet

45
Q

*Analyzes the frequency of problems or causes in the process

• Used to identify factors that have the greatest
cumulative effect on the system

A

Pareto chart

46
Q

*Allows the user to focus attention on a few
important factors in a process

• Cumulative frequencies of the relative frequency
data are plotted in descending order

A

Pareto chart

47
Q

In pareto chart, Cumulative frequencies of the relative frequency data are plotted in What order?

A

Descending

48
Q

Pareto chart is named after

A

Vilfredo Pareto

49
Q

This is a type of chart that contains both bars and
line (cumulative total)

A

Pareto chart

50
Q

Cause and effect diagram is also known as

A

Ishikawa or fishbone diagram

51
Q

A visual tool used to logically organize possible
causes for a specific problem or effect by
graphically displaying them in an increasing detail
suggesting causal relationships among theories

A

Cause and effect diagram

52
Q

Used to associate multiple possible causes with a
single effect

A

Cause and effect diagram

53
Q

represents the effect (quality characteristic that is intended to be improved and controlled)

A

Primary branch

54
Q

corresponds to major causes that directly relates to the effect

A

Major branches

55
Q

more detailed causal factors

A

Minor branches

56
Q

*Pictorial representation of a process

• Used in identifying where errors are likely to be
found in the system

A

Flow chart

57
Q

*Provides a simple, graphical view of accumulated
data, including its dispersion and central tendency

• Ease of construction

• Provides the easiest way to evaluate the distribution of data

A

Histogram

58
Q

This is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. It is similar to a bar chart but groups of numbers in this are groups of
numbers that are in ranges

A

Histogram

59
Q

Most commonly used graph to show frequency
distributions

A

Histogram

60
Q

A control value that goes beyond +/- 2SD

A

Outlier

61
Q

Causes of an outlier

A

-contamination of a single specimen
-faulty pipette
-incorrect dilution of test

CLINICAL CHEM (7 decks)

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