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PMBOK 4.0 > Quality > Flashcards

Quality Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of quality management?

A

Plan aulity
Perform Quality Assurance
Perform Quality Control

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2
Q

What are the key ouputs of the Plan Quality process?

A 
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Quality checklists
Process improvement plan
Project doc updates
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3
Q

What are the key outputs of the Perform Quality Assurance process?

A

Change requests
Updates to the project management plan and project docs
OPA updates

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4
Q

What are the key outputs of the Perform Quality Process?

A 
Quality control measurments
Validatedchanges
Validated deliverables
Change requests
Updates to the project management plan and project docs
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5
Q

What is the deifinition of quality?

A

The degree to which the project fulfills the requirements.

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6
Q

What does gold plating mean?

A

Adding extra items and servifes that do not necissarily controbute added value or quality to customer deliverables.

GOLD PLATING IS BAD!

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7
Q

What is marginal analysis?

A

An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached.

An analysis to determine the point where incremental revenue from improvement equals the incremental revenue from improvement equals the incremenal cost to secure it

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8
Q

What is a process improvement plan?

A

A plan for analyzing processes used on the project to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer satisfaction.

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9
Q

What are quality metrics?

A

Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the Perform Quality Assurance and Perform Quality control processes.

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10
Q

What does continuos improvement mean?

A

The ongoing enhancement of a product or service through small, continuos improvements in quality.

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11
Q

How much inventory is maintained in a just in time environment? How does this affect attention to quality?

A

Little inventory is maintained. It forces attention to quality.

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12
Q

What does ISO 9000 stand for?

A

On of the International Organization for STandardization (ISO) international quality standards that asks, “Do you have a quality standard, and are you following it?”

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13
Q

What is the definition of Total Quality Management, or TQM?

A

A comprehensive management philosphy that encourages finding ways to continuosly improve the quality of business practices, products, or services.

BE PROACTIVE - NOT REACTIVE
Deming developed 14 principals of management and these were used as the basis for TQM.

Quality should be planned
Use leadership and accountability
Measure and strive for constant improvement.

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14
Q

What does the phrase “prevention over inspection” mean?

A

The cost of avoiding or preventing mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them.

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15
Q

What does mutually exclusive mean?

A

Two events that cannot occur in a single trial.

For example, you cant get a 5 and a 6 on a single roll of die.

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16
Q

What does statistical independance mean?

A

The probability of event “B” ocurring does not depend on event “A” occuring.

For example, the outcome of a second roll of die is not influenced by (dependant on) the outcome of the first roll.

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17
Q

What is normal distribution curver?

A

A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve.

The most common probability distribution.

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18
Q

What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to?

A

These are often used as quality standards.

3 Sigma: +/- 3 standard deviations from the distribution mean under which 99.73% of all items are acceptable.

6 Sigma: +/- 6 standard deviations from the mean under which 99.99985% of all items are acceptable.

6 Sigma is a higher quality standard than 3 Sigma.

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19
Q

What is the differance between a population and a sample?

A

Population:The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising a uniquely defined group (ex all women).

Sample: A subset of population members (ex woman over the age of 30 in the UK)

20
Q

Who has responsibility for quality on a project?

A

The PM is ultimatly responsibile, but the team members must inspect their own work.

21
Q

What are the impacts of poor quality?

A 
Increased costs
Low morale
Low customer satisfaction
Increased risk
Rework
Schedule delays
22
Q

What are examples of costs of conformance and costs of non conformance?

Which costs should be greater?

What are costs of nonconformance associated with?

A

Costs of conformance:

  • Quality training
  • Studies
  • Surveys

Costs of nonconformance:

  • Rework
  • Scrap
  • Inventory costs
  • Warranty costs

The costs of conformance should be less than the costs of nonconformance.

Costs of nonconfromance are associated with ppor quality.

23
Q

Name key tools and techniques used in the Plan Quality process?

A 
Cost - benefit analysis
Cost of quality
Control charts
Benchmarking
Design of experiments
Statistical sampling
Flowcharting
24
Q

Define benchmarking

A

Comparing your project to other projects to get ideas for improvement and to measure quality performance.

25
Q

Define cost-benefit analysis.

A

Comparing the costs of an effort to the benefits of that effort

26
Q

What is design of experiments?

A

A statistical method form changing important variables to determine what combination will improve overall quality.

27
Q

What are some of the tools and techniques used in the Perform Quality Assurance process?

A

Process analysis
Quality audits
Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control tools and techniques

28
Q

What are quality audits?

A

Sructured reviews of quality activities.

These uadits often result in lessons learned for the organization.

29
Q

Name the seven basic tools of quality?

A 
Cuase and effect diagram
Control Chart
Flowcharting
Histogram
Pareto chart
Run Chart
Scatter Chart
30
Q

What is defect repair?

A

Rework required when a componant of the project does not meet specifications.

31
Q

What is a cause and effect diagram?

A

An illustration that helps determin the possible cuases of a problem.

It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.

32
Q

What is a quality checklist?

A

A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item with space to note any defects found during inspection.

33
Q

What is a Pareto Chart?

A

A histogram that arranges the results from most frequesnt to least frequent to help ID which root causes are resulting in the most problems.

Associated with the 80/20 rule

34
Q

What is the 80/20 principle?

A

80 % of problems are cuased by 20% of the root causes.

Associated with Pareto charts

35
Q

What is statistical sampling?

A

Inspecting by choosing only part of a population (a smaple) to test.

36
Q

What is a control chart?

A

A specialized trend chart documenting whether a measured process is in or out of statistical control.

37
Q

What are control limits?

A

The acceptable range of variation on a control chart

38
Q

What are the specification limits on a control chart?

A

The customer’s definition of acceptable product/service characteristics and tolerances.

39
Q

What does out of control mean?

A

There is a lack of consistency and predictability in the process, due to the exsistance of assignables causes.

40
Q

What does the rule of seven mean?

A

7 consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean, suggesting that the process is out of statistical control.

41
Q

What is a special cuase variation?

A

A data point on a control chart or rule of 7 indication that the measured process is out of statisical control and that the cause(s) of the event must be investigated.

42
Q

Zero Defects

A

Created by Phillip Crosby

Do something right initially and you dont have to repeat it

43
Q

Fitness For Use

A

Created by Joe Juran

The needs of the customers and stakeholders are defined and then attempted to satisfy

Satisfy the real need of the customers and stakeholders.

44
Q

Continuos Improvement

A

Continuous improvement takes a proactive stance to development, one that makes improvements throughout a process.

Corporate culture generally focuses on not accepting that things are as good as they can be, but instead seeks process improvement
Unless there is a major environment change, the bigger process improvements will likely be at the beginning of the initiative with smaller improvements coming later

45
Q

Histogram

A

Bar chart that can tell you the occurrence of a variable via vertical bars

46
Q

Define - Heuristic

A

A “rule of thumb”

47
Q

A Scatter Diagram shows what?

A

A pattern between two variables associated with a process

PMBOK 4.0 (12 decks)

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