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MRCPsych Part B > Qualitative Studies > Flashcards

Qualitative Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What questions are studied in Qualitative research?

A

Why people behave the way they do
How opinions and attitudes are formed
How people are affected by events around them
How and why vultures have developed they way they have
Differences between social groups

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2
Q

Types of qualitative research

A

Phenomenology
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Case study
Participant action research

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3
Q

What is phenomenology research?

A

Studies many phenomenon that happen around us all the time but go undefined

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4
Q

What is ethnographical research?

A

‘Portrait of people’
Method for descriptive studies of cultures and people who have something n common

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5
Q

What can ethnography be divided into?

A

Emic
Etic

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6
Q

What is emic?

A

Perspective of an individual from a group about his own group

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7
Q

What is etic?

A

Perspective of an individual outside a specific group being studied

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8
Q

Who defined Grounded Theory?

A

Glaser and Strauss

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9
Q

How is the term grounded theory used?

A
  1. To describe qualitative analysis in general where theories generated are ‘grounded’ in collected data
  2. To describe a precise technique of generating theories and categories
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10
Q

How are theories/categories generated in grounded theory?

A

Initially a constant comparison of collected data takes place
From these comparisons, categories are generated until theoretical saturation is reached
These categories are tested by collecting more data on the basis of these categories - theoretical sampling

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11
Q

What is Participant action research (PAR)?

A

Involves individuals and groups researching their own groups and experiences.

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12
Q

Situations where qualitative research is useful

A

Exploring nature of problem to be studied
Generating hypothesis based on observations made
Investigations anomalies or oddities observed during clinical practice
Examining policy implementation
Collating service user/carers/staff views

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13
Q

Data collection methods in qualitative research

A

Interviews
Observation
Document analysis

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14
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

Tight schedule of questions

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15
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

Series of open-ended question based on previously selected topic areas

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16
Q

Another name for a semi-structured interview?

A

Focused interview

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17
Q

What is another name for unstructured interviews?

A

Depth/in depth interviews

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18
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

Interviewer has topics in mind but does not follow an order and frames questions based on the interviewees previous answers

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19
Q

Who created the term focus group?

A

Kitzinger 1995

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20
Q

What is a focus group?

A

Conducting interviews in groups with some predetermined structure to provide a focus

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21
Q

When are focus groups useful?

A

Useful when limited resources prevent individual interviews
used when studied individuals share a common factors which are the topic of investigation
If group interaction may allow greater insights to be developed

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22
Q

When should focus groups not be used?

A

To have just one group for the entire research - should have many small groups

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23
Q

What are field notes?

A

What a researcher writes down when collecting data on the field

24
Q

What is transcribing?

A

Procedure of producing written version of the interview; full script of the interview

25
Q

Estimated ratio time for transcribing interviews

A

5:1 (10 minute interview would need 50 minutes to be transcribed)

26
Q

What is coding?

A

Process of transforming raw data into standard format to allow data analysis

27
Q

What might coding involve?

A

Identifying recurrent words, concepts or themes

28
Q

Types of data analysis

A

Content analysis
Conversation analysis
Discourse analysis

29
Q

What can content analysis help with?

A

Categorisation of spoken, written or observational data to classify, tabulate and summarise it

30
Q

Types of content analysis

A

Manifest level
Latent level

31
Q

What is content analysis at manifest level?

A

Basic descriptive account of the data

32
Q

What is latent analysis in content analysis?

A

What was meant from the response
What was inferred or implied from the response

33
Q

How can content analysis be conducted?

A

Enumerating procedures such as counting word frequencies, analysing annotations or intonations etc

34
Q

What is conversation analysis?

A

Combined audio and visual recordings are used to study interactional practices in particular settings

35
Q

What is discourse analysis?

A

Centres on interpretation of social discourse in the context of the occurrence via analysis of personal accounts or written autobiographical documents

36
Q

Methods of assessing validity of qualitative research

A

Triangulation
Respondent validation
Reflexivity
Deviant case analysis

37
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Compares results from two or more methods of data collection, looking for patterns of convergence

38
Q

What is investigator triangulation?

A

More than one investigator involved and findings are cross-validated

39
Q

What is respondent validation?

A

Techniques in which the investigator’s account is compared with research subjects to establish level of correspondence

40
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

Sensitivity to the ways in which the researcher and research process have shaped collected data such as prior assumptions/experiences which can influence results

41
Q

What is deviant case analysis?

A

Paying attention to, searching for and discussing elements of the data that may contradict emerging explanation of the phenomena under study

42
Q

Relationship of phenomenon studied in qualitative data

A

Describe social phenomena as they occur naturally

43
Q

Relationship of phenomenon studied in quantitative research

A

Describes effects of interventions either on naturally occurring phenomenon or nodal points where natural phenomena could be modified e.g. diagnosis

44
Q

Sampling in qualitative studies

A

Purposeful sampling; no predetermined sample size, sampling takes place until theoretical saturation occurs

45
Q

Sampling in quantitative studies

A

Representative - random or matched with predetermined numbers based on power of study

46
Q

Which type of study uses a deductive approach?

A

Quantitative - making generalisations from samples

47
Q

Which type of study uses an inductive approach?

A

Qualitative - applying general facts to subsamples to understand an experience

48
Q

Representativeness of qualitative studies

A

Sample is interested in outliers

49
Q

Representativeness of quantitative studies

A

Sampling seeks to demonstrate representativeness so generally outliers not preferred

50
Q

Purpose of qualitative studies

A

Phenomenological
‘Describing’

51
Q

Purpose of quantitative research

A

Scientific
‘Explaining’

52
Q

Consideration of multiple factors in qualitative research

A

Holistic

53
Q

Consideration of multiple factors in quantitative research

A

Reductionist

54
Q

Hypothesis in qualitative research

A

Research may generate new hypothesis

55
Q

Hypothesis in quantitative research

A

Research tests a proposed hypothesis

MRCPsych Part B (64 decks)

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