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Research methods > qualitative research > Flashcards

qualitative research Flashcards

1
Q

is qualitative research associated with cause-and-effect relationships?

A

no

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2
Q

what form of data does QR use?

quantitative analysis?

A

textual data and verbal words

numbers

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3
Q

what form of analysis does QR use?

quantitative analysis?

A

illustrative, interpretative

statistical

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4
Q

what is the ‘feel’ of QR analysis?

quantitative analysis?

A

rich and detailed

cold and bare

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5
Q

what are the goals of QR analysis?

quantitative analysis?

A

idiographic (understanding a behaviour in context)
exploratory

nomothetic (discovery of universal laws)
hypothesis testing

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6
Q

what is the product of QR analysis?

quantitative analysis?

A

potentially variable meanings and rules

reliable, stable relationships between variables

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7
Q

what is the application of QR findings?

quantitative analysis?

A

particular to population and setting with no attempt to generalise

general

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8
Q

what is the researcher stance in QR?

quantitative analysis?

A

involved

detached

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9
Q

what is the assumed status of analysis of QR?

quantitative analysis?

A

potentially subjective as involves interpretations

‘objective’

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10
Q

what is the research approach taken in QR?

quantitative analysis?

A

often inductive

often deductive

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11
Q

what type of research can quantitative data be extracted from?

A

questionnaires
experimental data
structured interview data
(anything that can be represented as a quantity)

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12
Q

what type of research can qualitative data be extracted from?

A

(participant) observations
semi/unstructured interviews
fcous groups
diares, texts, documentss

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13
Q

what does it mean to take a positivist view?

A

adopting the ‘standard view of science’ that research should produce ‘objective’ knowledge as viewed from the outside

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14
Q

what does positivism involve?

A

view of Realist Ontology - objective, underlying reality to be discovered

Deduction - deriving research questions from pre-existing theoretical frameworks so data tests theory
“top down”

usually studied using quantitative methods

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15
Q

what does it mean to take the interpretivist view?

A

concentrating on subjective reality of participants and humanistic approach

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16
Q

what does interpretivism involve?

A

views reality as socially constructed and consists of multiple subjective rather than a single objective reality

Induction - collection of data to develop theory so data driven
“bottom up”

uses qualitative methodology

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of the deductive approach?

A

emphasises scientific principles

seeks to explain causal relationships between variables

operationalisation of concepts

reductionist

generalisation

18
Q

what are some characteristics of the inductive approach?

A

understanding meanings humans attach to events

understanding of research context

realisation that research is part of the research process

less concern with generalisation

19
Q

can qualitative and quantitative methods be used in conjunction?

A

yes as although the methodologies are fundamentally different, they are not opposed

20
Q

what is methodological triangulation?

A

combination of several research methodologies in one study (qualitative and quantitative)

quantitative - highlight trends and causal relationships
qualitative - provides context and meaning

triangulation - helps cancel out the ‘method effect’ and increases confidence in findings

21
Q

what are the 4 qualitative methodologies?

A

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

Discourse Analysis

Thematic Analysis

Grounded Theory

22
Q

what are some of teh similarities and differences between qualitative methodologies?

A

similarities : concerned with meaning and experience
focus on ‘subjective’

differences :
degree of reflexivity
role of researcher
analytic procress

23
Q

example of difference in analytic process between qualitative methodologies

A

thematic analysis uses descriptive themes

grounded theory uses theory development

24
Q

what is thematic analysis?

A

concerned with organising and describing your data in terms of ‘themes’

25
Q

does thematic analysis offer great flexibility?

A

yes as it is independent of theory

26
Q

what is a ‘theme’?

A

captures something important in relation to your research question

27
Q

how is thematic analysis an active process?

A

themes don’t just ‘emerge’ from the data but instead are carefully selected and tested

28
Q

how to select the ‘size’ of a theme?

A

key is significance of the theme in relation to research question

BUT not a theme if one participant mentions it once

29
Q

what is inductive thematc analysis?

A

themes strongly link to data itself

data coded without trying to fit it to researchers preconceptions as not testing theory

30
Q

what is deductive thematic analysis?

A

coding for a specific research question

so less rich analysis of data than inductive thematic analysis

31
Q

what is a semantic level theme?

A

refers to themes directly observable in the data

32
Q

what is a latent level theme?

A

refers to underlying phenomenon (ideas, assumptions and ideologies) that you infer from your data

33
Q

what is realist analysis?

A

themes that categorise the nature of the social world

34
Q

what is constructionist analysis?

A

theorises socio-cultural contexts and structural conditions that enable individual accounts
(categorise different ways of representing the social world)

35
Q

what is the first step of thematic analysis?

A

1) familiarise yourself with the data:

transcribe, read and jot down intial ideas

36
Q

what is the second step of thematic analysis?

A

2) generating intial codes:

coding interesting features of data set (not for themes)
collate all data that fit under each code

37
Q

what is the third step of thematic analysis?

A

3) searching for themes:

sort different codes into potential themes

phase ends when you have a collection of themes and data coded in relation to them

38
Q

what is the fourth step of thematic analysis?

A

4) reviewing themes:

some themes may not have enough data to support them, some may combine, some may need to be separated

review data set to see if you missed any theme

39
Q

what is the fifth step of thematic analysis?

A

5) defining and naming themes

‘essence’ of what each theme is about

detailed analysis of each theme and how they all fit together

think about names of each theme

40
Q

what is the sixth step of thematic analysis?

A

6) producing the report

provide evidence for your themes (describe data and make argument)

tell story of data

41
Q

what are the 6 steps of data analysis?

A
  1. familiarise yourself with the data
  2. generating initial codes
  3. searching for themes
  4. reviewing themes
  5. defining and naming themes
  6. producing the report
42
Q

what to avoid when doing thematic analysis?

A

don’t use interview questions as themes

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