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Research methods > data collection techniques > Flashcards

data collection techniques Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of research design?

A

experimental design

correlational design

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of an experimental design?

A

IVs manipulated by researcher and DVs recorded

causal relationship clear (if method sound)

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of a correlational design?

A

all variables measured and strength of associations between them assessed
only possible to establish causation when applying existing theoretical or experimental knowledge

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of experimental design?

A

lab - based
field
natural

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5
Q

what is a lab-based experiment?

A

carried out in lab with high control of variables and extraneous factors

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6
Q

what are the advantages of a lab-based experiment?

A
  1. highly-controlled so extraneous and/or confounding variables can be excluded
  2. easier to replicate due to standardised procedure
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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of lab-based experiments?

A
  1. artificial setting so behaviour may be unnatural

2. demand characetristics may influence beh.

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8
Q

what is a field-based experiment?

A

carried out in everyday environment but researcher still manipulates variables of iterest

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9
Q

what are the advantages of a field-based experiment?

A
  1. naturalistic environment so ppts beh. more likely to reflect real responses (higher ecological validity)
  2. demand characteristics less likely to affect ppts (especially in covert)
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10
Q

what is the disadvantage of a field-based experiment?

A

less control over extraneous and/or confounding variables making replication more difficult

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11
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

carried out in everyday environment but researcher cannot manipulate variables of interest, as they naturally occur

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12
Q

what are the 3 advantages of a natural experiment?

A
  1. naturalistic environment so very high ecological validity
  2. demand characteristics unlikely to affect ppts (especially if covert)
  3. can be used in situations where ethical considerations prevent manipulation of independent variables
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13
Q

what are the 2 disadvantages of a natural experiment?

A
  1. costly both in time and finance

2. no control over extraneous or confouding variables

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14
Q

in which 2 ways are correlational designs usually measured?

A

naturalistic observation

surveys

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15
Q

what are the 3 advantages of a correlational design?

A
  1. allows researchers to predict direction and strength of relationship between variables
  2. may help to establish how well findings from experiments generalise to more naturalistics contexts (confirmatory evidence)
  3. allows for study of phenomena that can’t be investigated ethically or practically using experiments
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16
Q

what is the disadvantage of using a correlational design?

A

can’t establish direction of causation

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17
Q

what are the main features of observational studies?

A

behaviour observed within the setting it naturally occurs

ppts may or may not know they are being observed

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18
Q

what are the 3 main types of observation?

A

controlled
naturalistic
participant

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19
Q

describe controlled observations

  • what are they
  • how to code
  • examples of when used in research
A

usually under lab conditions to retain control
beh. coded into different categories
inter-rater reliability can be checked whn more than 1 researcher coding

code using numbers or scale to measure behaviour

Bandura and Ainsworth

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20
Q

what are the 3 strengths of observational studies?

A
  1. easy to replicate
  2. data quick to analyse if quantitative analysis used
  3. quick to conduct so large samples
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21
Q

what is the limitation of observational studies?

A
  1. Hawthorne effect or demand characteristics may limit validity
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22
Q

what is the Hawthorne effect?

A

alteration of behaviour by participnats as know they are being observed

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23
Q

describe naturalistic observations

  • what are they
  • how to code
  • examples
A

behaviour observed under naturalistic conditions
data recorded using variety of methods

coding may be number or sclaes to measures beh.

croft and levine

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24
Q

what are 2 strengths of conducting a naturalistic observation?

A

observing beh. in natural setting increases ecological validity

often used to inform further research

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25
Q

what are the 4 limitations of conducting a naturalistic observation?

A

observations on small scale may not be representative

difficult to replicate

hard to know what to observe

hard to establish cause and effect relationships

26
Q

describe participant observations

  • what is it
  • examples
A

variation on naturalistic observations
researcher becomes part of group under investigation
assumes false role and identitiy and goes ‘under-cover’

Festinger joining a cult

27
Q

what are the 2 strengths of participnat observations?

A

observing natural beh. increases ecological validity

often used to inform further research

28
Q

what are the 2 limitations of participant observations?

A

hard to record data

loss of objectivity and researcher bias

29
Q

why is there sometimes little difference between overt and covert observations?

A

people may forget they are being filmed and act how they would if covert

30
Q

what are the 3 main sampling methods?

A

event
time
instantaneous

31
Q

what is event sampling?

A

events identified in advance (coding)
event frequency recorded
all other behaviours ignored

32
Q

what is time sampling?

A

events idenitified in advance (coding)

observations take place within specific period in set sampling schedule (e.g 10 minutes to the hour for 12 hours)

33
Q

what is instantaneous (target time) sampling?

A

observations recorded at specific time period (record what’s happening at that one moment)
all observations mad before and after ignored

34
Q

main features of case studies?

A

individual, group or event investigated in detail
mutiple techniques employed to measure e.g observations and tests
idiographic approach (‘case history’ examining life of ppt)
used in clinical research and psychiatry

35
Q

what arethe 4 advantages of a case study?

A

rich descriptive info
indicates hypothesis for further research
study rare phenomenon in detail
opportunity to investigate factors too unethical to manipulate

36
Q

what are the 4 disadvantages of case studies?

A

unable to establish cause-effect relationships
phenomenon studied not typical or generalisable
relies heavily on subjective interpretation
hard to replicate

37
Q

2 advantages of surveys?

A

representative sample provides accurate info about population of interest
can be large increasing external reliability

38
Q

2 disadvantages of a survey?

A

if sample unrepresentative then could provie misleading info

researcher or social desirability bias

39
Q

what are the 4 types of surveys?

A

in-person
web-based
mail-out
telephone

40
Q

what is the highest quality survey type?

A

in-person surveys

41
Q

what is an in-person survey?

A

ppts complete survey in presence of researcher

42
Q

3 advantages of in-person survey?

A

control over environment
can provide instructions and address queries
highest quality data

43
Q

2 disadvantages of in-person survey?

A

time consuming and expensive

small samples

44
Q

2 advantages of a telephone survey?

A

cheaper so larger samples possible

anonymous

45
Q

3 disadvantages of a telephone survey?

A

less control
visual materials unavailable
materials less sophisticated

46
Q

what are some of the advantages of mail-out and web-based surveys?

A

cheap
rapid data collection
no interviewer bias
convenient

47
Q

what are the 3 disadvantages of mail-out and web-based surveys?

A

self-selection bias
full instructions required
easy to not complete

48
Q

what is the advantage of conducting an interview?

A

representative sample provides accurate info about population of interest

49
Q

what are the 2 disadvantages of interviews?

A

unrepresentative sample provides misleading info

researcher or social desirability bias

50
Q

strength and weakness of using open questions?

A

strength : rich source of data

weakness : harder to analyse using empirical analysis

51
Q

strength and weakness of using closed questions?

A

strength : more specific answers which are easier to analyse

weakness: liekly to bias answers as restrictive

52
Q

what is the benefit of new technologies?

A

allow forms of data collection previously unavailable

53
Q

what is internal/digital therapy?

A

delivery of treatment using computers, the internet etc.

most commonly ammended forms of CBT

54
Q

support and challenge from research for internal/digital therapy?

A

Fairburn & Patel, 2017
supported digital as effective as face-to-face

missing like for like comparisons with existing treatments for same problem

55
Q

what can smartphone aps be used for?

A

reserach
interventions
goal processes
inhibition training (brain training)

56
Q

2 types of VR?

A

immersive - head mounted devices llowing embodiment

semi or non-immersive - presented on flat screen or projectors e.g driving simulator

57
Q

what is VR?

A

allows user to interact with computers and digital content in a more natural and sophisticated fashion

58
Q

VR application in social psychology?

A

increases ppts psychological engagement in research (more naturalistic settings)

59
Q

VR applications in clinical psychology?

A

understand beh. in more naturalistic settings
therapy for disorders as can acquire new skills and use them in a safe environement
training clinicians in different situations

60
Q

issues with social media use for psychological research?

A

difficulty in obtaining informed consent

anonymity and confidentiality

61
Q

strengths of using social media in psychological research?

A

specific blogs and forums can be used for qualitiative data on specific topic

access to large and hard to reach ppts/content

Research methods (7 decks)

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