Qualitative research Flashcards
What is qualitative research about?
Gaining insight into people and their context
What type of research is qualitative research?
Exploratory
Theme
a patterned response of meaning within the data set
Ontology
views on human reality
What the ontology in quantitative research?
Realism - there is one true reality
What is the ontology in qualitative research?
relativism - people’s realities differ
Epistemology
views on knowing
What is the epistemology in quantitative research?
positivism - knowledge is waiting to be discovered and is then considered true until disproven
What is the epistemology of qualitative research?
social constructionism - knowledge is being degenerated by attempts to explain the human world
what is the data gathering and analysis method in quantitative research ?
mostly asking closed-questions to large samples
what is the data gathering and analysis method in qualitative research ?
mostly asking open-ended questions with specific groups of people to explore their experiences
Structured interviews
- closed questions
- very fixed topic and fixed order of questions
- very clear roles - life being read a questionnaire
- outcome = specific answer converted to numerical data = quantitative
Semi-structured interviews
- open ended questions
- very open around topic and question order can vary
- almost equal roles - like seeking the view of an expect
- outcome = open-ended questions converted to verbal data = qualitative
unstructured intervierws
ideal for pilot quantitive data
Case study
smallest sample size, n=1
Discourse
patterns of language about a concept
identity
notions of self that draw open available discourses
hegemonic masculinity
expected patterns of behaviour among men
Focus groups
apply interviewing techniques to groups (n=3+)
Advantages of focus groups
- they discuss their experience with one another
- if the research topic is communication styles, then the focus group facilitates it directly
- it is beneficial not to have the researcher as part of the group
- participants can become facilitators of new topics
Reflexivity
The awareness and recognition that researchers have in shaping their own research. it is an ongoing process
What are critical questions to ask when analysing our method?
- who will the research benefit
- who is being excluded from the research
- why am I doing this method
- how will my method limit what I can find
- how are my views contributing to my analysis and reporting
How is sampling led in quantitative research?
by statistical power - enough participants to detect hypothesised effects
how is sampling led in qualitative research?
by depth - enough participant to be informative
Ethical principles (function)
are in place to ensure there is no harm, deception and racial prejudice to the participants
What are the four core ethical principles?
- cultural sensitivity
- informed concent
- deception and protection from harm
- confidentiality
Photo elicitation
using visual data to elicit richer verbal or written data to analyse
Researched-led photo elicitation
showing pre-selected photos
participants-led photo elicitation
asking the participants to take photos
participatory photo elicitation
participants leading the study
What are the four principles of Kaupapa Māori?
- research undertaken from Te Reo Maori principles
- applies the principles of tino rangatiratanga (self-determination)
- emancipatory - by Māori for the benefit of Māori
- anchored by whakapapa (genealogical relationships)
What are the methods to achieving Kaupapa Māori?
- asking whanau Māori to talk about their experiences
- following rikanga (cultural principles)
- sensitive to principles of whanau and iwi
What do the ethics of photo elicitation involve?
consent from participants and any people in the photo
Media
indirect mode of communication
Researcher-led media elicitation
media stimuli are pre-selected by researcher
participant-led media elicitation
can be spontaneously mentioned or requested. the media is gathered by participants
primary media analysis
pure analysis of the media, no participants
