Qualitative research

Question 1

What is qualitative research about?

Answer 1

Gaining insight into people and their context

Question 2

What type of research is qualitative research?

Answer 2

Exploratory

Question 3

Theme

Answer 3

a patterned response of meaning within the data set

Question 4

Ontology

Answer 4

views on human reality

Question 5

What the ontology in quantitative research?

Answer 5

Realism - there is one true reality

Question 6

What is the ontology in qualitative research?

Answer 6

relativism - people’s realities differ

Question 7

Epistemology

Answer 7

views on knowing

Question 8

What is the epistemology in quantitative research?

Answer 8

positivism - knowledge is waiting to be discovered and is then considered true until disproven

Question 9

What is the epistemology of qualitative research?

Answer 9

social constructionism - knowledge is being degenerated by attempts to explain the human world

Question 10

what is the data gathering and analysis method in quantitative research ?

Answer 10

mostly asking closed-questions to large samples

Question 11

what is the data gathering and analysis method in qualitative research ?

Answer 11

mostly asking open-ended questions with specific groups of people to explore their experiences

Question 12

Structured interviews

Answer 12

• closed questions
• very fixed topic and fixed order of questions
• very clear roles - life being read a questionnaire
• outcome = specific answer converted to numerical data = quantitative

Question 13

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 13

• open ended questions
• very open around topic and question order can vary
• almost equal roles - like seeking the view of an expect
• outcome = open-ended questions converted to verbal data = qualitative

Question 14

unstructured intervierws

Answer 14

ideal for pilot quantitive data

Question 15

Case study

Answer 15

smallest sample size, n=1

Question 16

Discourse

Answer 16

patterns of language about a concept

Question 17

identity

Answer 17

notions of self that draw open available discourses

Question 18

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 18

expected patterns of behaviour among men

Question 19

Focus groups

Answer 19

apply interviewing techniques to groups (n=3+)

Question 20

Advantages of focus groups

Answer 20

• they discuss their experience with one another
• if the research topic is communication styles, then the focus group facilitates it directly
• it is beneficial not to have the researcher as part of the group
• participants can become facilitators of new topics

Question 21

Reflexivity

Answer 21

The awareness and recognition that researchers have in shaping their own research. it is an ongoing process

Question 22

What are critical questions to ask when analysing our method?

Answer 22

• who will the research benefit
• who is being excluded from the research
• why am I doing this method
• how will my method limit what I can find
• how are my views contributing to my analysis and reporting

Question 23

How is sampling led in quantitative research?

Answer 23

by statistical power - enough participants to detect hypothesised effects

Question 24

how is sampling led in qualitative research?

Answer 24

by depth - enough participant to be informative

Question 25

Ethical principles (function)

Answer 25

are in place to ensure there is no harm, deception and racial prejudice to the participants

Question 26

What are the four core ethical principles?

Answer 26

1. cultural sensitivity
2. informed concent
3. deception and protection from harm
4. confidentiality

Question 27

Photo elicitation

Answer 27

using visual data to elicit richer verbal or written data to analyse

Question 28

Researched-led photo elicitation

Answer 28

showing pre-selected photos

Question 29

participants-led photo elicitation

Answer 29

asking the participants to take photos

Question 30

participatory photo elicitation

Answer 30

participants leading the study

Question 31

What are the four principles of Kaupapa Māori?

Answer 31

1. research undertaken from Te Reo Maori principles
2. applies the principles of tino rangatiratanga (self-determination)
3. emancipatory - by Māori for the benefit of Māori
4. anchored by whakapapa (genealogical relationships)

Question 32

What are the methods to achieving Kaupapa Māori?

Answer 32

• asking whanau Māori to talk about their experiences
• following rikanga (cultural principles)
• sensitive to principles of whanau and iwi

Question 33

What do the ethics of photo elicitation involve?

Answer 33

consent from participants and any people in the photo

Question 34

Media

Answer 34

indirect mode of communication

Question 35

Researcher-led media elicitation

Answer 35

media stimuli are pre-selected by researcher

Question 36

participant-led media elicitation

Answer 36

can be spontaneously mentioned or requested. the media is gathered by participants

Question 37

primary media analysis

Answer 37

pure analysis of the media, no participants