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PSYC210 > Cognitive research in action > Flashcards

Cognitive research in action Flashcards

1
Q

introspection

A

The examination or observation of one’s own mental processes

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2
Q

Capacity limits

A

Our psychological system is limited in its ability to perform online processing of information

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3
Q

Bit

A

amount of information we need to make a decision between 2 equally likely alternatives

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4
Q

memory span

A

the longest list of items that a person can repeat back in the correct order immediately after presentation

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5
Q

Pre-attentive

A

the unconscious accumulation of information from the environment

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6
Q

Attention

A

the allocation of limited processing resources

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7
Q

input-output correlation

A

the measure of transmitted information. a small correlation between input and output suggests that there is a lot of noise in the signal

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8
Q

George Miller

A

He looked at our cognitive communication system as a system which processes information using input-output correlation. He reasoned that the human channels capacity of the magic number 7+/-2

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9
Q

Code

A

a system of words, letters or signs used to represent something

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10
Q

Four ways we use code in experiments

A
  1. we code participants’ identifiers to keep track of our data and to maintain participants’ anonymity
  2. we also code our experimental conditions
  3. we code our data from one type of value to another
  4. our speech is constructed from code
  5. the brain uses its own set of neural codes
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11
Q

subtising

A

using rapid, accurate and confident judgements of numbers. This works for small numbers of items (1 to 4)

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12
Q

How much time do we need to process each item?

A

250-350ms

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13
Q

Adaptive brain (functions)

A

Functions to regulate our thoughts, to process sensory information from the environment, to translation important information into something useful for behaviour, to remember previous behaviours, and to promote future behaviour for adaptive survival skills

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14
Q

Donalds Hebb

A

Worked with many psychologists and neurosurgeons who stimulated the brain and mapped motor pathways during brain surgery

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15
Q

John Hughlings Jackson

A

made the first brain model organisation

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16
Q

neuron

A

unit of communication

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17
Q

axon

A

end of the neuron

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18
Q

network

A

combination of neurons which could be grouped together as one processing unit

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19
Q

Hierarchy

A

organisation of brain networks in which higher processes infirm, suppress and inhibit lower ones

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20
Q

EEG

A

measures electrical activity from the scalp

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21
Q

spectral power

A

power or energy within a frequency

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22
Q

frequency bands

A

Delta: 1 - 3 Hz
Theta: 4 - 7 Hz
Alpha: 8 - 12 Hz
Beta: 13 - 30 Hz

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23
Q

tempotal resolution

A

amount of time needed to revisit and acquire data for the exact same location

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24
Q

spatial resolution

A

the measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor

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25
Q

Hebb’s Law

A

when an axon of cell A if near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process of metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing cell B, is increased.

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26
Q

Sensors of the Left hemisphere

A

have odd numbers

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27
Q

Sensors on the right hemisphere

A

have even numbers

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28
Q

C sensors

A

represent the motor cortex

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29
Q

Event related potential

A

The brain’s response to a particular stimulus or motor response (this is averaged across lots of trials of the same type)

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30
Q

Cz sensor

A

in the middle, along the vertex

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31
Q

how is EEG power estimated

A

estimated using a mathematical procedure that decomposes an EEG trace into its components

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32
Q

Averaging across trials

A

forming a wave-form for a patient across many trials

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33
Q

Averaging across patients

A

forming a wave-form for multiple patients exposed to the same stimulus

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34
Q

complex waveforms

A

The result of combining the instantaneous amplitudes of two (or more) sine waves

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35
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

can be used for measured structure

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36
Q

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

used for measuring function

37
Q

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

A

water diffusion of fibre tracts is used to estimate white matter tract density and integrity

38
Q

What frequency bands are involved in movement?

A

alpha and beta (8-30Hz)

39
Q

Where does movement of the right hand occurs in the brain?

A

left hemisphere

40
Q

Where does imagining movement of the right hand occur in the brain?

A

right hemisphere

41
Q

Where does movement of the left hand occur in the brain?

A

the right hemisphere

42
Q

where does imagining moving the right hand occur in the brain?

A

the right hemisphere

43
Q

How to record event-related potentials? (4 steps)

A
  1. present a stimulus
  2. record EEG
  3. repeat (a lot)
  4. average recordings after time-locking them to a known stimulus
44
Q

Callosotomy

A

the surgical disconnection of the corpus callosum

45
Q

split-brain

A

patient’s who have a disconnected brain and separate hemispheres

46
Q

visual latelarisation

A

A technique used to deliver stimulus information to each cerebral hemisphere separately

47
Q

reaction-time

A

latency to respond

48
Q

movement time

A

duration of the movement

49
Q

spatial coupling

A

A general concept that can be applied to different existing code constructions

50
Q

What makes visual lateralisation effective ?

A
  • present the stimulus for a short duration of time (<150ms)

- no eye movements

51
Q

novel action

A

something new

52
Q

well-learnt action

A

an action which is already coded in the brain and is familiar, almost automatic

53
Q

automaticity

A

performance of a skill that has been practiced repeatedly with little or no direct attention

54
Q

What is the left side of the brain lateralised for?

A

Local features of display

55
Q

What is the right side of the brain lateralised for?

A

more global features

56
Q

What side is in charge of speech?

A

The left side

57
Q

What part of the brain is necessary for spatial coupling?

A

the corpus callosum

58
Q

Subcortical

A

A process that occurs only in one cortex

59
Q

somatosensory

A

relating to a sensation that can occur on the body, also refers to the brain’s representation of the body

60
Q

perceptual illusions

A

a faulty or distorted perception of something externally represented

61
Q

representation

A

an image or likeness of something, as accessed by the brain

62
Q

cross-modal

A

use of two different sense modalities. matching (congruent) inputs tend to facilitate performance

63
Q

corticospinal

A

An efferent tract

64
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

65
Q

contralateral

A

crosses over

66
Q

bilateral

A

information is sent to the same side as well as the opposite side

67
Q

distal

A

far-away limb

68
Q

proximal

A

close-limb

69
Q

topographical

A

the arrangement of physical features of an area

70
Q

homunculus

A

a representation of a small human being (in the somatosensory cortex)

71
Q

decussate

A

cross or intercept to form an X

72
Q

Wilder Panfield

A

mapped the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus

73
Q

Where do projections to the hand cross-over?

A

The mid-brain

74
Q

speed-accuracy trade-off

A

as performance gets faster, accuracy decreases

75
Q

dual-tasks

A

performing two tasks simultaneously

76
Q

low-level constraints

A

muscle

77
Q

high-level constraints

A

cognitive processes

78
Q

congruent

A

Matching tasks

79
Q

incongruent

A

separate tasks

80
Q

Difference between congruent and incongruent tasks reaction time

A

was hypothesised to be due to people conceptually regarding incongruent tasks as two different tasks

81
Q

perceptual manipulation

A

connecting the two circles with a line, which now joins the images together.

82
Q

conceptual manipulation

A

pre-instruction display either signifying to use ‘both hands’ or the ‘left and right hands’

83
Q

Congenital mirror movements

A

a rare, genetic disorder. congenital defects of the motor system can occur, which leads to the existence of extra ipsilateral tracts

84
Q

bilateral movements

A

when both limbs are used in unison to contract the muscles

85
Q

neural compensation

A

neural activation of additional brain regions or networks that typically are not activated

86
Q

volition

A

deciding on and committing to a particular action

87
Q

plasticity

A

changes in brain structure

88
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge or skills through eperience, study or by being taught

89
Q

How much of the corticospinal tracts to the hands and fingers descend ipsilaterally?

A

20%

PSYC210 (8 decks)

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