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PSYC210 > Principles of experimental design > Flashcards

Principles of experimental design Flashcards

1
Q

The rules for psychological research

A

The principles of good design to set-up for data collection

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2
Q

The tools used in psychological research

A

Used to summarise and describe the data collected

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3
Q

Common interests in psychology

A

memory, perception, social behaviour, development, brain and behaviour, and non-human behaviour

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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

thought of the concept of structuralism

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Mental events can be broken down into their components

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6
Q

William James

A

wrote the Principles of Psychology

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7
Q

How is the scientific method used in psychology?

A

to understand behaviour, to confirm the assumption that there is order to the universe, and that there is an underlying power that controls the events that occurs around us

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8
Q

What are the four goals reached using the scientific method?

A
  1. description
  2. explanation
  3. prediction
  4. control
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9
Q

What informs us about the accuracy of the explanation

A

prediction and control

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10
Q

The authority approach

A

seeking knowledge from source thought to be reliable and valid

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11
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the authority approach

A

advantage - allows us to assimilate existing knowledge

disadvantage - one shouldn’t follow advice blindly, but should evaluate it critically

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12
Q

The analogy approach

A

analogy between some new events and a amore familiar, understandable events

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13
Q

The rule approach

A

try to establish laws or rules that cover a variety of different observations

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14
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the rule approach

A

advantage - can save time and effort

disadvantage - if followed blindly, can also threaten advancement of understanding

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15
Q

The empirical approach

A

testing ideas or rules against actual events.

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16
Q

Hypothesis (in psychology)

A

formally tested expectation about behaviour

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17
Q

A hypothesis must be

A

testable and falsifiable

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18
Q

Causation

A

When one factor directly affects another factor. Change in variable 1 results in direct change in variable 2, and there is no possible cause for this change.

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19
Q

Population

A

the group of interest

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20
Q

Sample

A

a small group of members from the population of interest

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21
Q

Representative sample

A

the sample chosen reflect the behaviours and characteristics of the population

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22
Q

What does a representative sample allows

A

generalising back to the population

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23
Q

Randorm smapling

A

ensures all members of the population have an squeal change of being chosen

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24
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

the branch that summarises data collected for the sample

25
Q

Inferential statistics

A

generalises form the sample back to the population

26
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable we measure and record (what the participant does)

27
Q

Property of interest

A

indirect measure of the dependent variable

28
Q

Ceiling effect

A

when the task is too easy

29
Q

Floor effect

A

when the task ist too hard

30
Q

What does the data type determine?

A

what sort of analyses to perform, what scales to use for measurement and what conclusions can be drawn

31
Q

Numerical data

A

measured with an interval or ratio scale

32
Q

Interval scale

A

categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit of measurement in the scale

33
Q

Ratio scale

A

categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit in the scale, and contains a true zero

34
Q

What are the two types of categorical data?

A

ordered data and unordered data

35
Q

Ordered data

A

measured with an ordinal scale.

36
Q

Ordinal scale

A

catagorises and orders the data. distance between point not considered even

37
Q

unordered data

A

measured with a normal scale

38
Q

Nominal scale

A

categorises the data without creating a hierarchy

39
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factors that distinguish the groups and are manipulate buy the experimenter

40
Q

Subject variable

A

a factor which is mot directly manipulated by the experimenter

41
Q

True experiment

A

an experiment which consists of a manipulated independent variable

42
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

an experiment which consists of a subject manipulated variable

43
Q

What are the four possibilities to having independent variable X and observing dependent variable Y?

A
  1. X causes Y
  2. Y causes X
  3. A third factor Z causes Y and X (confounding)
  4. Chance
44
Q

Control Group

A

A comparison group which differs form the experimental group. by the absence of the experimental treatment

45
Q

Placebo effect

A

is very powerful, and sometimes require a special control group

46
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

When cues in a new situation might be interpreted as demanding a certain behaviour

47
Q

Single-blind Study

A

when the participants do not know what condition of the independent variable they are assigned to

48
Q

Double-blind

A

when neither the experimenter nor the participant know the condition the participant is assigned to

49
Q

Between-subjects

A

Each participant is tested in only one level of the independent variable

50
Q

Within-subjects

A

each subject is tested in every level of the independent variable

51
Q

counterbalance

A

each treatment condition shall be equally exposed to the practice effects and demand characteristic s inherent in the within-subjects design

52
Q

control variables

A

any extraneous variables that are held constant during an experiment

53
Q

Factorial design

A

When an experiment has a number of independent variables. this means the design is fully crossed, and different independent variables are called factors

54
Q

Chaiken and Pilner (1987)

A

Studies observers perception of men and women who ate small and large meals.

55
Q

Mixed study design

A

One independent variable is within-subjects, while the other independent variable is between-subjects

56
Q

Main effects

A

The effects of one independent variable on the dependant variable, ignoring the other independent variables in the study

57
Q

Interaction effects

A

The effects of one independent variable on the dependent variable, taking into account the other independent variables in the study

58
Q

What effects take more information into account?

A

interactions effects, which is why they should be interpreted first

59
Q

How many sources of variability do we haven a 2x2 factorial design?

A

3 sources of variability - 2 main effects and one interaction effect

PSYC210 (8 decks)

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