Principles of experimental design Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

The rules for psychological research

A

The principles of good design to set-up for data collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The tools used in psychological research

A

Used to summarise and describe the data collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common interests in psychology

A

memory, perception, social behaviour, development, brain and behaviour, and non-human behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

thought of the concept of structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structuralism

A

Mental events can be broken down into their components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

William James

A

wrote the Principles of Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the scientific method used in psychology?

A

to understand behaviour, to confirm the assumption that there is order to the universe, and that there is an underlying power that controls the events that occurs around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four goals reached using the scientific method?

A
  1. description
  2. explanation
  3. prediction
  4. control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What informs us about the accuracy of the explanation

A

prediction and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The authority approach

A

seeking knowledge from source thought to be reliable and valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the authority approach

A

advantage - allows us to assimilate existing knowledge

disadvantage - one shouldn’t follow advice blindly, but should evaluate it critically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The analogy approach

A

analogy between some new events and a amore familiar, understandable events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The rule approach

A

try to establish laws or rules that cover a variety of different observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the rule approach

A

advantage - can save time and effort

disadvantage - if followed blindly, can also threaten advancement of understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The empirical approach

A

testing ideas or rules against actual events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypothesis (in psychology)

A

formally tested expectation about behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A hypothesis must be

A

testable and falsifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causation

A

When one factor directly affects another factor. Change in variable 1 results in direct change in variable 2, and there is no possible cause for this change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Population

A

the group of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sample

A

a small group of members from the population of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Representative sample

A

the sample chosen reflect the behaviours and characteristics of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does a representative sample allows

A

generalising back to the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Randorm smapling

A

ensures all members of the population have an squeal change of being chosen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

the branch that summarises data collected for the sample

25
Inferential statistics
generalises form the sample back to the population
26
Dependent variable
the variable we measure and record (what the participant does)
27
Property of interest
indirect measure of the dependent variable
28
Ceiling effect
when the task is too easy
29
Floor effect
when the task ist too hard
30
What does the data type determine?
what sort of analyses to perform, what scales to use for measurement and what conclusions can be drawn
31
Numerical data
measured with an interval or ratio scale
32
Interval scale
categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit of measurement in the scale
33
Ratio scale
categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit in the scale, and contains a true zero
34
What are the two types of categorical data?
ordered data and unordered data
35
Ordered data
measured with an ordinal scale.
36
Ordinal scale
catagorises and orders the data. distance between point not considered even
37
unordered data
measured with a normal scale
38
Nominal scale
categorises the data without creating a hierarchy
39
Independent variable
The experimental factors that distinguish the groups and are manipulate buy the experimenter
40
Subject variable
a factor which is mot directly manipulated by the experimenter
41
True experiment
an experiment which consists of a manipulated independent variable
42
Quasi Experiment
an experiment which consists of a subject manipulated variable
43
What are the four possibilities to having independent variable X and observing dependent variable Y?
1. X causes Y 2. Y causes X 3. A third factor Z causes Y and X (confounding) 4. Chance
44
Control Group
A comparison group which differs form the experimental group. by the absence of the experimental treatment
45
Placebo effect
is very powerful, and sometimes require a special control group
46
Demand Characteristics
When cues in a new situation might be interpreted as demanding a certain behaviour
47
Single-blind Study
when the participants do not know what condition of the independent variable they are assigned to
48
Double-blind
when neither the experimenter nor the participant know the condition the participant is assigned to
49
Between-subjects
Each participant is tested in only one level of the independent variable
50
Within-subjects
each subject is tested in every level of the independent variable
51
counterbalance
each treatment condition shall be equally exposed to the practice effects and demand characteristic s inherent in the within-subjects design
52
control variables
any extraneous variables that are held constant during an experiment
53
Factorial design
When an experiment has a number of independent variables. this means the design is fully crossed, and different independent variables are called factors
54
Chaiken and Pilner (1987)
Studies observers perception of men and women who ate small and large meals.
55
Mixed study design
One independent variable is within-subjects, while the other independent variable is between-subjects
56
Main effects
The effects of one independent variable on the dependant variable, ignoring the other independent variables in the study
57
Interaction effects
The effects of one independent variable on the dependent variable, taking into account the other independent variables in the study
58
What effects take more information into account?
interactions effects, which is why they should be interpreted first
59
How many sources of variability do we haven a 2x2 factorial design?
3 sources of variability - 2 main effects and one interaction effect