Principles of experimental design

Question 1

The rules for psychological research

Answer 1

The principles of good design to set-up for data collection

Question 2

The tools used in psychological research

Answer 2

Used to summarise and describe the data collected

Question 3

Common interests in psychology

Answer 3

memory, perception, social behaviour, development, brain and behaviour, and non-human behaviour

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 4

thought of the concept of structuralism

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

Mental events can be broken down into their components

Question 6

William James

Answer 6

wrote the Principles of Psychology

Question 7

How is the scientific method used in psychology?

Answer 7

to understand behaviour, to confirm the assumption that there is order to the universe, and that there is an underlying power that controls the events that occurs around us

Question 8

What are the four goals reached using the scientific method?

Answer 8

1. description
2. explanation
3. prediction
4. control

Question 9

What informs us about the accuracy of the explanation

Answer 9

prediction and control

Question 10

The authority approach

Answer 10

seeking knowledge from source thought to be reliable and valid

Question 11

advantages and disadvantages of the authority approach

Answer 11

advantage - allows us to assimilate existing knowledge

disadvantage - one shouldn’t follow advice blindly, but should evaluate it critically

Question 12

The analogy approach

Answer 12

analogy between some new events and a amore familiar, understandable events

Question 13

The rule approach

Answer 13

try to establish laws or rules that cover a variety of different observations

Question 14

advantages and disadvantages of the rule approach

Answer 14

advantage - can save time and effort

disadvantage - if followed blindly, can also threaten advancement of understanding

Question 15

The empirical approach

Answer 15

testing ideas or rules against actual events.

Question 16

Hypothesis (in psychology)

Answer 16

formally tested expectation about behaviour

Question 17

A hypothesis must be

Answer 17

testable and falsifiable

Question 18

Causation

Answer 18

When one factor directly affects another factor. Change in variable 1 results in direct change in variable 2, and there is no possible cause for this change.

Question 19

Population

Answer 19

the group of interest

Question 20

Sample

Answer 20

a small group of members from the population of interest

Question 21

Representative sample

Answer 21

the sample chosen reflect the behaviours and characteristics of the population

Question 22

What does a representative sample allows

Answer 22

generalising back to the population

Question 23

Randorm smapling

Answer 23

ensures all members of the population have an squeal change of being chosen

Question 24

Descriptive statistics

Answer 24

the branch that summarises data collected for the sample

Question 25

Inferential statistics

Answer 25

generalises form the sample back to the population

Question 26

Dependent variable

Answer 26

the variable we measure and record (what the participant does)

Question 27

Property of interest

Answer 27

indirect measure of the dependent variable

Question 28

Ceiling effect

Answer 28

when the task is too easy

Question 29

Floor effect

Answer 29

when the task ist too hard

Question 30

What does the data type determine?

Answer 30

what sort of analyses to perform, what scales to use for measurement and what conclusions can be drawn

Question 31

Numerical data

Answer 31

measured with an interval or ratio scale

Question 32

Interval scale

Answer 32

categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit of measurement in the scale

Question 33

Ratio scale

Answer 33

categorises, orders and establishes an equal unit in the scale, and contains a true zero

Question 34

What are the two types of categorical data?

Answer 34

ordered data and unordered data

Question 35

Ordered data

Answer 35

measured with an ordinal scale.

Question 36

Ordinal scale

Answer 36

catagorises and orders the data. distance between point not considered even

Question 37

unordered data

Answer 37

measured with a normal scale

Question 38

Nominal scale

Answer 38

categorises the data without creating a hierarchy

Question 39

Independent variable

Answer 39

The experimental factors that distinguish the groups and are manipulate buy the experimenter

Question 40

Subject variable

Answer 40

a factor which is mot directly manipulated by the experimenter

Question 41

True experiment

Answer 41

an experiment which consists of a manipulated independent variable

Question 42

Quasi Experiment

Answer 42

an experiment which consists of a subject manipulated variable

Question 43

What are the four possibilities to having independent variable X and observing dependent variable Y?

Answer 43

1. X causes Y 2. Y causes X 3. A third factor Z causes Y and X (confounding) 4. Chance

Question 44

Control Group

Answer 44

A comparison group which differs form the experimental group. by the absence of the experimental treatment

Question 45

Placebo effect

Answer 45

is very powerful, and sometimes require a special control group

Question 46

Demand Characteristics

Answer 46

When cues in a new situation might be interpreted as demanding a certain behaviour

Question 47

Single-blind Study

Answer 47

when the participants do not know what condition of the independent variable they are assigned to

Question 48

Double-blind

Answer 48

when neither the experimenter nor the participant know the condition the participant is assigned to

Question 49

Between-subjects

Answer 49

Each participant is tested in only one level of the independent variable

Question 50

Within-subjects

Answer 50

each subject is tested in every level of the independent variable

Question 51

counterbalance

Answer 51

each treatment condition shall be equally exposed to the practice effects and demand characteristic s inherent in the within-subjects design

Question 52

control variables

Answer 52

any extraneous variables that are held constant during an experiment

Question 53

Factorial design

Answer 53

When an experiment has a number of independent variables. this means the design is fully crossed, and different independent variables are called factors

Question 54

Chaiken and Pilner (1987)

Answer 54

Studies observers perception of men and women who ate small and large meals.

Question 55

Mixed study design

Answer 55

One independent variable is within-subjects, while the other independent variable is between-subjects

Question 56

Main effects

Answer 56

The effects of one independent variable on the dependant variable, ignoring the other independent variables in the study

Question 57

Interaction effects

Answer 57

The effects of one independent variable on the dependent variable, taking into account the other independent variables in the study

Question 58

What effects take more information into account?

Answer 58

interactions effects, which is why they should be interpreted first

Question 59

How many sources of variability do we haven a 2x2 factorial design?

Answer 59

3 sources of variability - 2 main effects and one interaction effect