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Sociology- Research methods > Qualitative method- observations > Flashcards

Qualitative method- observations Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s a covert study?

A

An observation in which the people being observers aren’t aware their in a study (experimenter hidden)

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2
Q

What is overt sensation?

A

Participants in a study know they are being observed

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3
Q

What is participant observations?

A

The researcher becomes apart of the study

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4
Q

What is non-participants observation?

A

The reasercher is not apart of the study

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5
Q

What is a structured observation?

A

When the participants right down then findings in a structured plan/ sheet or tally

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6
Q

What is ethnography?

A

Highly detailed accounts of how people in particular social setting leading their life based on systematic and long term observations and interviews with information

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7
Q

What is a feild diary?

A

When your a part of the study where you wright up your observations later

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8
Q

What sociologists do observations?

A

Humphrey’s
Mayo
Hargreaves
Foote Whyte
Barker
Patrick
Venkatesh

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9
Q

What method of observation did Humphrey’s use?

A

Covert participation
Systematic and structured

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10
Q

Brief descriptions of Humphrey’s study?

A

Did a study in toilet to study interactions between straight men and homosexuals
Acted as a gay voyer in mid 90s
Studied time sexual activity occurred, type of activity, discription of p’s (looked via number plates to find out information) and the location
Allowed himself to be jailed

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11
Q

Advantages of observations?

A

Deception
Observer affects
Unethical

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12
Q

Disadvantages of observations?

A

Deception
Observer affects
Unethical

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13
Q

Important details of study

A

He was a trainee priest
And a sociologist

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14
Q

What method of observation?- Mayo

A

Overt and non participant observations

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15
Q

Brief descriptions of study?- Mayo?

A

Did a study in an electric plant and wanted to see what variables he would manipulate to make ps work better
Found that their was no chnage because p’s knew they were being studied so adapted their behaviour

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16
Q

Advantages of study?- Mayo?

A

No deception

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17
Q

Disadvantages of observations?

A

Hawthorne
Not real behaviour

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18
Q

Important details of study- mayo?

A

Variables were brekas

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19
Q

What method of observation?- Haragreves

A

Overt participants
Non participant observations

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20
Q

Brief descriptions of study?

A

Looked a secondary school for boys
Observed lessons at the back of the classroom
Some teachers changed behaviour others were natural

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21
Q

Advantages of observations? Hargreves

A

Ethical and know they where giving observed

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22
Q

Disadvantages of observations?

A

Hawthorne affect
Bias sample only boys

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23
Q

Important details of study- Haregreves?

A

They views him as an inspector

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24
Q

What method of observation did Foote Whyte?

A

Participant Observations

25
Q

Brief descriptions of study?- Foote Whyte?

A

Italian American street corner, low income and a distinct relationship with gang and gang leader
Gang culture in acceptance ‘doc’

26
Q

Advantages of observations?

A

Learned answers to questions that he would have never thought to ask
Comfortable environment for gang

27
Q

Disadvantages of observations- Foote Whyte?

A

Dangerous study
Gang victims

28
Q

Important details of study- Foote Whyte?

A

Spent three and a half years in cornerville

29
Q

What method of observation did Barker use?

A

Overt participant obseevations

30
Q

Brief descriptions of study?- Barker

A

Looks at he unification of church and why they where getting a bad reputation for brain washing their children, took 2 years to make contact with church
Became friendly with moonies and created relationships in events
Kept a diary to look at changing opinions to avoid going native

31
Q

Advantages of observations?- Barker

A

Ethical- overt
Gained trust
Valid- wrote down a diary
Concent- took 2 years to get concent

32
Q

Disadvantages of observations?- Barker

A

Ethical- is gaining relationship with participants ethical
Replicable- can be difficult to repeat

33
Q

Important details of Barkers study?

A

Called moonies

34
Q

What method of observation did Patrik use?

A

Participant observations

35
Q

Brief descriptions of Patricks study?

A

Glasgov gand
Teacher student gatekeeper (Tim)
Teacher was introduced as student relative

36
Q

Advantages of observations?

A

Could accses the group in their own environment
Therefore info high in valid

37
Q

Disadvantages of observations?

A

Found reaserch difficult in particular fitting in with group
Patrick sickened by the violence in gangs
Feared own saftey- dangers

38
Q

Important details of Patrick’s study?

A

Patrick’s (teacher) occasionally made errors when trying to fit in with gang

39
Q

Important details of study- Venkatesh?

A

Walked into chicagos toughest housing projects, used questionnaires, soon got rid of doing this as it wasn’t appropriate to do in a predominantly black poor area
-Befrenfed a gang leader and for a decade observed them drawing conclusion with raw data
Hid what he was doing from academic advisors and became extremely involved in gang life
The gang leader allocated Venkatesh became the leader for a day
Perceived as a part of them

40
Q

What method of observation did Venkatesh?

A

Overt/non participant observations

41
Q

Advantages of Venkatesh observations?

A

Very detailed
Valid

42
Q

Disadvantages of Venkatesh observations?

A

Went native
Deception
Doseny talk about consent
No protection from harm- putting people at harm of life being ruined

43
Q

Important details of Venkatesh study?

A

Becomes so involved residents avoided him
Was a sociology student
Lived at Robert Taylor homes at south side

44
Q

What are the issues with participant observations?

A

Getting in
Staying in
Getting out

45
Q

What are the issues with participant observations- getting in?

A

May find it difficult to gain entry within a group and gain rapport
Influence by gender age ethnicity ect
E.g Thornton trying to fit in to rave culture but she was older then most people their
Griffin- Black like me, to fit into black groups took medication and went on tanning beds

46
Q

What are the issues with participant observations- staying in?

A

we need to stay in the group after gaining enterence, going native looses objectivety as reasercher begins to identify with the group until they become one and can turn bus
e.g Punch- Studying police, found self assisting arrests. holding suspects etc
Barker- Avoided going native with moonies by keeping a journal
Whyte- Street corner society becaud lane a non participate observer and ended as a non observing participant

47
Q

What are the issues with participant observations- getting out?

A

Easier to do but can be difficult and can have problems
Such as loyalty to groups, publishing research, and reentering reality
e.g. Patrick- when leaving he had ti change identity and have to leave group early as couldn’t face violence that group carried out
Venkatesh- difficult to get out of stufy because he liked the gang lifestyle

48
Q

Pros of overt observation?

A

Avoids ethical problmes of being deceitful/lying or gaining informed concent
-The reasercher can ask more questions without fear of jeprodisring research
-Notes can be taken openly and freely
-The reasercher can check their interpretation with individuals in the group to check they are accurate

49
Q

Cons of overt observations?

A

-Refusal of rejection by the group
-Hawthorne effect- Haregreve and mayo study
-Time consuming to establish a relationship and trust

50
Q

Pros of covert observation?

A

-Reduced risk of the hawthorne effect etc Humphrey’s, gay voyeur experiment
-Makes it easier to gain access to certain group particularly decievent groups
-less time consuming

51
Q

Cons of covert observation?

A

-You have to keep act up or your cover will be blown (Patrick- buttoning up jacket wrong)
-Can’t take notes freely or openly (Festinger forced to write up notes in toilet and rely on memory in order to not be found out)
-Unethical- decorticating concent, lying, participating in immoral activity, moral duty to report illegal activity)
-Risk of going native
-Can’t ask certain questions in case suspicions aroused
-Hawthorne affect can still be a problem

52
Q

Advantages of non participant observation?

A

-Npo can actually see for themselves how people behave in natural settings like the classroom where as in interviews they can lie
- less likely than participant observers to get to drawn into group activity’s
-More objective, less influenced by personal feelings about the group

53
Q

Limitations of non participant observations?

A

-It’s difficult for observers to see the world through the eyes of a group member if they don’t participate and k their social world
-Npo is less likely than participant to understand things the day way as the group members
-Observer affect may come into play with npo meaning group members may change their behaviour if they are aware they are being observwd

54
Q

What is the observation schedule?

A

To observe and record behaviour
Set things we are looking for e.g. by tally or tick box

55
Q

What is methodological pluralism?

A

When reasercher uses more then one method they may combine qualitative methods with quantitative methods

56
Q

Advantages of methodological pluralism?

A

Rich data
Reliable

57
Q

What approaches can involve observations?

A

Community studies- A number of studies on a whole community
Case study- An in debut study of an individual or an event
Life history- Type of case study to describe/interpret someone’s life

58
Q

Triangulation of methodological pluralism?

A

Reliable
Representative Valid

Sociology- Research methods (11 decks)

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