Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Question 1

Qualitative methods gather information by asking people to _______ what they observe, do, believe or feel.

The output from qualitative methods is __________ descriptions.

Qualitative methods can also be called “ _________” in that they do not use a ________ questionnaire and have an __________ approach to gathering data.

Answer 1

explain

textual

InFormal; structured

open-ended

Question 2

Qualitative methods produce data that are not easily summarized in ________ form, broadly answering the “______” and “_______” through, for instance, meetings, interviews or general observations.

Answer 2

numerical

How; why

Question 3

_______tative data are more appropriate for understanding people’s attitudes or behaviors, beliefs, opinions, experiences and priorities.

Answer 3

Quali

Question 4

What is Qualitative Research?
Findings NOT arrived at by means of ____________ procedures or quantification

Answer 4

statistical

Question 5

Qualitative research is interested in illumination and understanding NOT causal determination or prediction.

T/F

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Quantitative Methods
Quantitative methods directly measure the status or change of a ___________, for example, changes in crop yield, kilometers of road built or number of hours women spend fetching water.

Answer 6

specific variable

Question 7

Quantitative methods provide direct __________ results. Quantitative methods can be also classified as “_______” methods in that they use a ________ questionnaire or other form of data collection

Answer 7

numerical

Formal

structured

Question 8

Quantitative methods produce data that are easily represented as __________, answering questions such as “How much…?”, “How many…?”, and “How frequent …?”.

Answer 8

numbers

Question 9

Types of Qualitative Methods

These can either be:
__________ or ____________

Answer 9

OBTRUSIVE or UNOBTRUSIVE

Question 10

Obtrusive Methods
__________________ interviews
_________ interviews
_____________________ Discussions
Ethnography
Participatory Action Research
Narrative and Life
History Participant observation

Answer 10

Semi structured interviews
In-depth interviews
Focus Group Discussions
Ethnography
Participatory Action Research
Narrative and Life

Question 11

Unobtrusive Methods

Simple __________
___________ analysis (_________ records)
Audio-visual
______ analysis /_________ analysis
Material culture
Auto-ethnography (object, subject, and researcher)

Answer 11

observation

Document; written

Text; Discourse

Question 12

Observation

This is a technique that involves __________,_________ and ________ objects or phenomena
(e.g. blood pressure, weight, use of protective devices, hand washing, etc)

Answer 12

systematically selecting, watching and recording events

Question 13

-Participant observation:

-Non-participant observation (____________)

-Non-participant observation (________,_________________ )

Answer 13

concealed

open, non-concealed

Question 14

-Participant observation:

-Non-participant observation (____________)

-Non-participant observation (________,_________________ )

Answer 14

concealed

open, non-concealed

Question 15

Interviewing

Interviewing techniques may be ________,_________, or ____________

Answer 15

structured, semi- structured or unstructured

Question 16

Structured interviews have a _______ structure of _________ and _________ of questions. This is suitable for survey research where it is necessary to ensure consistency of administration for comparability.

Answer 16

fixed

ordering ; wording

Question 17

Structured interviews have a _______ structure of _________ and _________ of questions. This is suitable for survey research where it is necessary to ensure consistency of administration for comparability.

Answer 17

fixed

ordering ; wording

Question 18

Semi-structured interviews may be useful in ____________ surveys (such as ____________ surveys).

Answer 18

Preliminary

exploratory

Question 19

Unstructured interviews are associated with ________ interviews and _______________ interviews.

Answer 19

in- depth

key-informant

Question 20

__________ interviewing provide opportunity for respondents to give an account with minimal influence on the structure of that account by a framework imposed by an investigator.

Answer 20

Unstructured

Question 21

In-depth Interviews

This is to obtain the ________ information on particular ________________________ from the perspective of the informant. There are repeated __________ encounters between the researcher and the informant, directed toward understanding informants’ perspectives on their lives, experiences or situations as expressed in their own words.

Answer 21

detailed

cultural beliefs and practices

face-to-face

Question 22

Key-informant interviews

These are __________,_____________ interviews. The informants being interviewed respond in their own words to express personal views. The purpose of this type of interview is to learn about people’ ________ on the topic of interest, to learn their terminology and judgments and to understand their perceptions and experiences.

Answer 22

informal, conversational

views

Question 23

A key informant is a person who is especially ______________; at least in some subjects or topics of interest and with whom the interviewer develops an ongoing relationship of information exchange and discussion. Key informants provide information about specific situations, events and conditions in the study area. They are therefore kind of experts on some cultural, political and health issues of the community. These could be of any gender, formal or informal leaders, professionals or lay people.

Answer 23

knowledgeable

Question 24

Distinction between Key Informant Interview (KII) and In-depth Interview (II)

Key informants are considered _________ with special knowledge of interest to the researcher whereas in- depth interviewees are __________. It is not expected that in-depth interviewee will have any special knowledge and they will only provide information in terms of their own experience.

Key informants are persons with whom the researcher develops a ___________, which is not the case with the in-depth interviewees. Even when a special relationship occurs, it does not necessarily mean that they are key informants.

Answer 24

experts; ordinary people

special relationship

Question 25

Focus Group discussions

Focus group discussions (FGDs) are group discussions that gather together people to discuss a specific topic of interest to the researcher. They utilize ______________ and allow a small group of respondents to be guided by a ______________ into ________________________________ on the key issues of a research topic. They are particularly helpful in answering questions of “how”, “what” and “why”.

Answer 25

group dynamics

skilled moderator

increasing levels of focus and depth

Question 26

FGD is not a group interview where a moderator ask the group questions and participants individually provide answers. It is geared towards __________________ among participants. It allows participants opportunity to _________ or _________ with each other on the issues being discussed.

Answer 26

intra-group discussion

disagree or agree