Descriptive Study Design

Question 1

Specificity / focus : PICOTS format
P - who are the __________ or what’s the ____________?
I - what is the __________ or _________ ?
C – what is the __________ group?
O - what is the ___________ or ____________ ?

T- What is the ______ of the question?
S- what is an optimal ______________ to answer this question?

Answer 1

patients; problem

intervention; exposure

comparison

outcome or endpoint

type; study design

Question 2

STUDY DESIGN
Study design is the ________ of any research
It always stem from the ___________
It is a means for achieving the aim of the research
The choice of appropriate study design is central to outcome of any research

Answer 2

foundation

objectives

Question 3

There are two broad groups of study design:
1. __________________
2. __________________

Answer 3

OBSERVATIONAL
2. EXPERIMENTAL

Question 4

Observational study is also called _____________ study design while experimental study is also referred to as ___________ study design

Answer 4

non-interventional

interventional

Question 5

Descriptive research design uses a range of both qualitative research and quantitative data (although ____________ research is the primary research method) to gather information to make _______________ about a particular problem or hypothesis.

Answer 5

quantitative

accurate predictions

Question 6

A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without _______________ (i.e., nothing is _____________).

Sometimes these are referred to as “ correlational ” or “ observational ” studies.

Answer 6

changing the environment

manipulated

Question 7

Descriptive study designs can answer _______,_______,________, and _______ questions, but not ________ questions.

Answer 7

what, where, when and how

Why

Question 8

Examples of descriptive studies?

Answer 8

Case reports
Case series reports
Cross sectional study
Community surveys
Ecological correlational studies

Question 9

Cross-sectional studies can be __________ or ______________

Answer 9

Descriptive

Analytical

Question 10

Important discoveries:

Cigarette smoking and lung cancer?

Diethystilbestrol and vaginal adenocarcinoma

Endometrial cancer and post menopausal estrogens

Answer 10

1950s

1970s

1970s

Question 11

5 advantages of descriptive research

_________ data collection methods
Provides through ___________
Provides _____ quality data
_______ to perform and _______
Forms the basis of decision making

Answer 11

Diverse
Information
High
Quick ; cheap

Question 12

Examples of observational analytic studies

Answer 12

Cohort study
Case control
Cross sectional

Question 13

Cohort study
Case control
Cross sectional

When are the outcomes for the above determined

Answer 13

Sometime after the exposure of intervention

Before the exposure was determined

Same times as exposure of intervention

Question 14

The single most commonest type of medical article is?

Answer 14

Case-control

Question 15

Feature of case control study

Direction:_________ to _________

Timing: _________ for exposure but case ascertainmeny can either be ________ or ___________

Sampling: almost always on __________, with matching of _______ to ———-

Answer 15

Outcome to exposure

Retrospective; retrospective; concurrent

Outcomes; control ; cases

Question 16

Method of selection of cases in case-control

Maybe incident or prevalent

Incident : those derived from _____________________

Prevalent : derived from a _________________

Answer 16

Ongoing ascertainment of cases over time

Cross-sectional study

Question 17

Case control study

List 3 qualities needed in selecting controls

Answer 17

Comparability over representativeness

Control should be at risk

Should resemble the case but not have the disease

Question 18

Obtain power by matching more than one control per case but not more than??

Why

Answer 18

4

There’s no further gain of power after that