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Comm Health > Analytical study > Flashcards

Analytical study Flashcards

1
Q

ANALYTICAL STUDIES
• Measure ______ and ______ on populations based on hypothesis generated during previous descriptive studies

• Determine the existence and strength of association between _________________________ and the _____________ in question

A

Cause and effect

suspected risk or etiological factor and the
disease

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2
Q

Analytical Studies

• Have _________ or __________ group(s) which must be similar to cases in all aspect except for the __________________________

A

control or comparison

outcome or disease under study

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3
Q

Analytical studies

• Include ____________ study, ________ study.

A

case-control

cohort

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4
Q

Basic Questions in Descriptive & Analytical studies
•Descriptive studies ask the questions
_____,______,_________ ?
•Analytical studies in addition asks _______?

A

who, when and where

why

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5
Q

Case-Control Study

• An _________ ,__________ study in which comparisons are made between _________________ and ____________________

A

observational, analytical

individuals who have the disease (cases)

individuals who do not (controls)

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6
Q

Case-Control Study

• Is a _____________ study; goes _____wards in time from ________ to _________

A

retrospective; back

effect (disease) to cause

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7
Q

Case-Control Study

• Compares the _________ of previous exposure to the suspected etiological factor in persons with the disease
(cases) and those without the disease (controls)

A

frequency

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8
Q

Case control study
Steps in conducting a case control study
1. —————— of ——— and ——-
2. ———-
3. Measurement of ———-
4. Analysis and interpretation

A
  1. Selection of cases and control
  2. Matching
  3. Measurement of exposure
  4. Analysis and interpretation
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9
Q

Selection of cases and control
• A case is first of all defined by means of ___________
• Cases must belong to same ________ and ___________ group
• Eligibility criteria must be adhere to
• Cases are obtained from hospital records, , death certificate, employer records and the general population
• Information about cases can be gathered from cases
themselves, relatives and friends or from records.

A

diagnostic criteria

clinical and histological

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10
Q

Selection of control

• The control must be _____________ under study
• Should resemble the cases in ______________
• The control must (be or not be?) exposed to the suspected causative factor of
the disease under study.

A

free of the disease

other characteristics

Not be

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11
Q

Which is easier?

Selecting cases or selecting controls

A

Selecting cases

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12
Q

Hospital control
• Hospital control are more likely to have similar characteristics as the study group in terms of their ______________ and ______________ factors
• They tend to be (more or less?) exposed to the risk factors of disease than the general population
• They may differ from the ______________ population
• They are easily identified and are almost always available for interview and tend to be cooperative

A

catchment area and socioeconomic

More

normal healthy

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13
Q

Relatives and friends
• Relative as well as friends of cases under study (may or may not?) be used as control
• Siblings (must or must not?) be used when studying genetic condition
• The disadvantage is that they may be __________ in terms of __________ and other characteristics

A

May

Must not

too similar; exposure

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14
Q

Neighbours
• Selected from persons living in the same area, working in the same
place, or attending the same school with the cases

A

Okay

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15
Q

General population
• Population control have the advantage of using ____________ that represent well the population of the area
• They are usually selected by means of __________ sampling
• In developed world, ________________ can be randomly selected

A

healthy people

random

telephone number

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16
Q

Matching
• Matching is the process of selecting controls in such a way that they
are ______________ with regards to certain pertinent variables e.g. sex, race, occupation, socio-economic status and educational status
• These factors influence the outcome of disease

A

similar to cases

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17
Q

Measurement of exposure
• Information about exposure is obtained in a (similar or dissimilar?) way among the
cases and control.
• This may be done by means of interview, questionnaires, focus group discussion , check lists and studying past records such as hospital and employment records

A

similar

18
Q

Analysis and interpretation

 The Odds ratio is an estimate of the _____________.
 It is known as ________________ ratio
 It is a measure of __________________ between __________ and —————— .

A

relative risk

cross production

strength of association

risk factor and outcome

19
Q

Odds ratio= _____/____

Where each letter stands for ?

A

ad/bc

a = number of exposed individuals who eventually
developed the disease
b= number of exposed individuals who did not develop
the disease
c=number of unexposed individuals who subsequently
develop the disease
d= number of un exposed individuals who did not
develop the disease

20
Q

Odds Ratio
• OR=___________________________ x ___________________________/___________________________ x ___________________________ (ad/bc)

A

Exposed persons with the disease

unexposed without the disease

Exposed without the disease

unexposed with disease (ad/bc)

21
Q

Odds Ratio

• Is a ratio of the odds that _________________________ to the odds that a ___________________

A

a case was exposed to the risk factor

control was exposed to the risk factor

22
Q

Odds ratio

• Referred to as _____________ Ratio; ______________ , _______________

A

Cross Product

Relative Odds

Estimated Relative Risk

23
Q

Advantages of Case-Control study

-Relatively _____,______,____________

-Suitable for studying _____-
diseases

-________ problems is minimal

-Require ____ sample size
measurement

A

easy, quick, inexpensive

rare; Ethical

small

24
Q

Disadvantages of Case-Control Study

-________ bias; also information may be _________ or __________

-Bias in _________________________

-Can not measure _________

-Can not give accurate _______

A

Recall; missing or unavailable

selection of control group

incidence; risk

25
Q

COHORT STUDY

• Type of analytical /observational study.
• Determines if there is an association between ______________ and ________________
• Also called _________ study, _________ study, _________ study.

A

a suspected cause( exposure) and
disease

prospective; incidence ; forward looking

26
Q

COHORT STUDY

• The study proceeds from ______ to _________

A

cause to effect

27
Q

cohort
• A group of people who share a ___________________________
within a _____________ period. e.g age( _______ cohort), class mates ( _______
cohort), exposure to infection within a defined period ( __________ cohort)

A

common characteristic or experience

defined time ; birth; class; exposure

28
Q

• Cohorts are identified (prior to or after?) appearance of disease/outcome under
study and followed up.

A

prior to

29
Q

Cohort study

• Begin with _______ groups (cohorts) – _________ and ___________ groups that have similar composition except for ______________________
• follow up both groups to see how many people in both groups develop disease/outcome under investigation
• May require long period of follow up
• Some participants lost to follow up (attrition)

A

two

exposed and unexposed

exposure to suspected etiology

30
Q

Analysis of COHORT

• Quantification of association between suspected agent and disease
being investigated
• Record frequency of disease occurrence in both groups in two by two
table- ______________
• Calculate relative risk, attributable risk and make conclusion on cause
– effect relationship

A

incidence

31
Q

Association between smoking and stroke

• Incidence in exposed=
______________ /___________ = ____/________

• Incidence in unexposed= ________________ /____________= _____ / ______

A

• Incidence in exposed=
Num of cases/num exposed
A /A+B
• Incidence in unexposed=
Num of cases/num not exposed
C / C+D

32
Q

Relative Risk (RR)

• RR does not necessarily imply ___________ as it does not ___________________________

• Also called _____ Ratio or __________ Ratio

A

causal association

quantify the extent of disease causation by the risk factor

Risk; Morbidity

33
Q

Analysis -
1.Relative risk

• Relative risk – relates the ____________________________ to ____________________________

A

incidence rate in the exposed

incidence rate in the unexposed

34
Q

Analysis -
1.Relative risk

• RR =______________ / _____________

• If RR >1 _______________________
• If RR = 1 __________________________
• If RR < 1 ____________________

A

incidence in exposed

incidence in unexposed

risk of acquiring the disease is higher in those who are exposed

whether exposed or not risk is same

35
Q
  1. Attributable risk
    • _______________________________

•_______ risk in those who are exposed
• The amount of risk which can be ascribed to _________

A

Incidence rate in the exposed minus incidence rate in unexposed

Excess; exposure

36
Q

• Attributable risk = ____________________________________________ =
__________________

A

Incidence in exposed – Incidence in unexposed

risk difference

37
Q

Relative risk & attributable risk

• Relative risk measures __________________.
• Attributable risk measures the impact that _____________________ may have on the _______________

A

strength of association

removal of a certain factor

incidence of a disease

38
Q

The higher the relative risk the ___________ the association of factor to disease.

high relative risk suggests _________

A

greater

etiology

39
Q

Advantages of cohort studies
• Can determine ____________ of disease in exposed and unexposed
• No problem of _______ bias
• Can measure ______________
• Can test multiple effects of cause

A

incidence; recall

relative risk

40
Q

Disadvantages of cohort studies
• Need ______ sample
• ________
• Time consuming
• Difficulty in ____________ of people - attrition

A

large

Expensive

follow up

Comm Health (8 decks)

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