QMMS

Question 1

Correlative

Answer 1

Uses the natural variation to test the effect

of particular factors

Question 2

Manipulative experiment

Answer 2

To manipulate system in order to look for causal relationships

Question 3

Base line

Answer 3

‘Natural history’ of investigated organisms must be known

Question 4

Control

Answer 4

A reference to which results of the experiment are compared

Question 5

Replication

Answer 5

is a mean to measure and control natural variation

Question 6

Randomization

Answer 6

refers to the random collection of samples that are representative for the total population
= a mean to control the effects of random variation

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

The independent variable is the variable the experimenter changes or controls and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable. … The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is ‘dependent’ on the independent variable.

Question 8

Traps

Answer 8

Density dependent process, unwanted effects of methods or tools

Question 9

Factorial

Answer 9

In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or “levels”, and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.

Question 10

Randomized block

Answer 10

In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another. Blocking reduces unexplained variability.

Question 11

Repeated measures

Answer 11

Repeated measures design is a research design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods. For instance, repeated measurements are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed.

Question 12

Hierarchical nesting

Answer 12

Hierarchically structured data is nested data where groups of units are clustered together in an organized fashion, such as students within classrooms within schools. … For example, student characteristics, such as age and school characteristics, such as graduation rate, can be modeled.

Question 13

Confounding factor

Answer 13

Factors that interact with both what we

are manipulating and what we are measuring.

Question 14

Quantitative

Answer 14

Allows you to test hypotheses, expressed in numbers, requires a larger sample size, and is analyzed by math/statistical analysis.

Question 15

Qualitative

Answer 15

Allows you to formulate hypotheses, is expressed in words, smaller sample sizes required, allows you to summarize, categorize and interpret.

Question 16

SSE

Answer 16

Sum of Squares ERROR - The error is the value between the observed value and the predicted value

Question 17

SSR

Answer 17

Sum of Squares REGRESSION - The sum of the differences between the predicted value and the mean of the dependent variable.

Question 18

SST

Answer 18

Sum of Squares TOTAL - Sum of squares total is the squared differences between the observed dependent variable and the mean.

Question 19

Matrix

Answer 19

An array of numbers symbolized by bold CAPITAL letters

Question 20

Order of a Matrix

Answer 20

Dimensions of a matrix always shown as rows x columns (ex: 3x2)

Question 21

Conformable matrix

Answer 21

Two matrices are conformable if the number of

columns in A equals the number of rows in B

Question 22

Diagonal matrix

Answer 22

Square matrix with all off-diagonal values equal to zero

Question 23

Identity matrix

Answer 23

Diagonal matrix where the diagonal elements all equal one

Question 24

Null matrix

Answer 24

All elements in the matrix equal zero

Question 25

Parametric model

Answer 25

models that include mathematical quantities (parameters) that are required to be estimated (by measurements)

Question 26

Dynamic models

Answer 26

Models for which variables are expressed to change in time

Question 27

Existence and Unicity of the solution

Answer 27

refer to the Cauchy-Liebniz Theorem for dynamic models

Question 28

Identifiability

Answer 28

for one given solution of the model, there is only one unique vector of parameters

Question 29

Observability

Answer 29

From one solution of the model only one vector of parameters can be estimated

Question 30

Discernability

Answer 30

A model is discernable if the solution for one set of parameters is different to any other solutions calculated by another model

Question 31

Optimisation

Answer 31

procedure that allows to find the best parameters value from available data according to a pre-defined criteria

Question 32

Continuous data

Answer 32

set of data is said to be continuous if the values belonging to the set can take on ANY value within a finite or infinite interval.

Question 33

Discrete data

Answer 33

A set of data is said to be discrete if the values belonging to the set are distinct and separate (unconnected values)

Question 34

Response variable

Answer 34

A Response Variable (or dependent variable) is that variable whose variation depends on other variables. … In short, the response variable is the subject of change within an experiment, often as a result of differences in the explanatory variables.

Question 35

Binary data response variable

Answer 35

Probability distribution will be binomial

Question 36

Count data as response variable

Answer 36

Probability distribution will be Poisson

Question 37

Parametric test

Answer 37

Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. This is often the assumption that the population data are normally distributed.

Question 38

Non-parametric test

Answer 38

A non parametric test (sometimes called a distribution free test) does not assume anything about the underlying distribution (for example, that the data comes from a normal distribution).