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IMBRSea - Semester 1 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Pelagic

A

Relating to upper layers of the open sea.

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2
Q

Benthic

A

Anything associated with or occurring on the bottom of a body of water. The animals and plants that live on or in the bottom are known as the benthos.

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3
Q

Four shapes of marine bacteria

A

Bacillus, Vibrios, Spirilli, Coccus

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4
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use of light as a source of

E for the synthesis of organic matter

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5
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

obtain E from the
oxidation of reduced and inorganic
compounds (e.g., nitrifying bacteria,
sulphobacteria, methanogens)

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

are unable to synthesize
organic matter autonomously from inorganic
molecules

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7
Q

Viriobenthos

A

viruses in marine sediments or within benthic

organisms.

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8
Q

Virioplankton

A

viruses in sea water o planktonic organisms.

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9
Q

Viruses

A

biological entities of sub-microscopic size, which
cannot live or reproduce outside the host cells because they lack
metabolic activity and biosynthetic functions.
100 nm
Viruses have single- or doublestranded DNA or RNA, but never
both nucleic acids.
They infect all forms of life (e.g.
animals, plants, fungi), including
prokaryotes.

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10
Q

Capsid

A

The proteic coat that surrounds the viral genome

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11
Q

Capsomers

A

Identical repeating units of the capsid

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12
Q

Size of most marine viruses

A

Between 30 and 60 nm in size

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13
Q

Viral abundance in seawater

A

1 L of sea water contains 10^9 to 10^11 viruses

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14
Q

Viral abundance in sediment

A

1 kg of sediment contains 10^10 to 10^13 viruses

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15
Q

Factors influencing the abundance of Benthic Viruses

A

prokaryotic production, concentration of nutrients, organic matter load of sediments

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16
Q

Viral shunt

A

The viral shunt pathway is a mechanism that prevents (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) marine microbial particulate organic matter (POM) from migrating up trophic levels by recycling them into dissolved organic matter (DOM), which can be readily taken up by microorganisms.

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17
Q

Population

A

All organisms of a certain species living in a specified area

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18
Q

Demography

A

Statistical study of populations – to describe populations and how
they change over time

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19
Q

Mark-recapture calculation

A

N (population size)
M (marked)
C (captured)
R (animal found to be marked)

N = MC/R

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20
Q

Types of survivorship curves

A

Type 1 - Convex, Type 2 - Diagonal, Type 3 - Concave

image: https://cdn.britannica.com/42/6542-050-B6E0E2B9/survivorship-curve-II-Type-I-curves-III.jpg

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21
Q

Trophic Level

A

The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web.

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22
Q

Just a reminder to review calculating trophic levels!

A

Unit 4 - Foodwebs

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23
Q

Fecundity

A

the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertility.

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24
Q

Order of taxonomy

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Sub Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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25
Q

Semelparity

A

A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death

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26
Q

Iteroparity

A

A species is considered iteroparous if it is characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime.

27
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Plankton that produce there own food (autotrophic/photosynthesize); primary producers.

28
Q

Holoplankton

A

organisms spend entire life as plankton

29
Q

Meroplankton

A

spend larval stage as plankton

30
Q

r/K selection

A

r/K selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring.

31
Q

Logistic growth

A

In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.

32
Q

Density dependence

A

In population ecology, density dependence pertains to the effect of the present and/or the past population sizes on the per capita population growth rate. Density-dependent processes take place when population growth rates are regulated by population density

33
Q

Life history patterns

A

Life-time pattern of growth, differentiation, storage and reproduction
OR
Characteristic set of biological episodes and responses occurring during the lifetimes of the individuals in a population

  • Connection between environment and biological responses
  • Variability in life history traits (plasticity)
34
Q

Life history strategy

A

a set of traits resulting from natural selection

35
Q

r/K

A 
K = carrying capacity
r = intrinsic growth rate
36
Q

dN/dt = rN (1-N/K)

A

Logistic model where:

N = Abundance
t = time 
K = carrying capacity
r = intrinsic growth rate
37
Q

r selected traits

A

fast growing, opportunistic, live in unpredictable habitats, broad niche, high fecundity, early reproduction, high/catastrophic mortality, short lived, highly productive. High resilience to exploitation (ex: sardines, anchovies) mnemonic reminder: saRdines

38
Q

K selected traits

A

Population controlled by competition and other factors, choose constant or predictable habitats, narrow niche, large body size, low fecundity, delayed reproduction. Low resilience to exploitation (ex: elephants, sharks) mnemonic reminder: sharKs

39
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved.

40
Q

Plankton

A

All living organisms drifting in the ocean

41
Q

Bottom-up control

A

Resource/environmental control over a community of organisms (i.e. Nitrate related green tides in Brittany)

42
Q

Top-down control

A

Organisms control over a resource/environment (i.e. predator control over rodent populations)

43
Q

Exponential growth curve equation

A

dN/dt = rN

where
N = Population density at time (t)
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase
K = carrying capacity

44
Q

Logistic growth curve equation

A

dN/dt = rN(K-N/K)

where
N = Population density at time (t)
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase
K = carrying capacity

45
Q

OMZ

A

Oxygen minimum zones

46
Q

Pelagic Habitat compression

A

-

47
Q

azoic theory

A

Theory that there is no life below 600m due to extreme pressure conditions and the presumed absence of oxygen

48
Q

Challenger expedition

A

1872-1876 - discovered 4700 new species

49
Q

Magnometer

A

A magnetometer is a passive instrument that measures changes in the Earth’s magnetic field. In ocean exploration, it can be used to survey cultural heritage sites such as ship and aircraft wrecks and to characterize geological features on the seafloor.

50
Q

Deep Sea Hydrophone

A

Underwater microphone

51
Q

CDT

A

CTD stands for conductivity, temperature, and depth, and refers to a package of electronic devices used to detect how the conductivity and temperature of water changes relative to depth. The CTD is an essential tool used in all disciplines of oceanography, providing important information about physical, chemical, and even biological properties of the water column.

52
Q

Shelf break starts at

A

approx 200m with the exception of the antarctic shelf break

53
Q

DOC and POC

A

Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon

54
Q

POM

A

Particulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction that does pass through the filter is called dissolved organic matter (DOM).

55
Q

Meiobenthos

A

Meiobenthos, also called meiofauna, are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and fresh water environments. The term meiofauna loosely defines a group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping

56
Q

Estuary

A

Mixed fresh and ocean water areas

57
Q

Epifauna

A

animals living on the surface of the seabed or a riverbed, or attached to submerged objects or aquatic animals or plants.

58
Q

vagile/sessile

A

vagile - moves

sessile - lives permanently attached to rocks/seaweeds

59
Q

Types of Marine Forests

A

Any plants that have the capacity to conduct oxygenic photosynthesis in the ocean: Kelp forests, seagrasses, animal forests, mangroves, saltmarshes, microalgae, etc

60
Q

Climatic refugal populations

A

Populations that survive in the overlap of warm and cold ranges.

61
Q

Neritic Zone

A

Another name for continental shelf; penetration of sunlight permits photosynthesis by both plankton and bottom-dwelling organisms.

62
Q

SAAB

A

Sense Acuity And Behavioral hypothesis; Temperate fish larvae use a hierarchy of sensory cues (odor, sound, visual and geomagnetic cues) to detect estuarine nursery areas and to aid during navigation towards these areas.

63
Q

Recruitment

A

Relationship between number of spawners and the resulting progeny; recruitment is the process by which individuals are added to a population. … High recruitment may increase a species’ current and future abundance within a system, whereas low recruitment can lead to reduced current and future abundance.

IMBRSea - Semester 1 (7 decks)

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