Marine Policy

Question 1

EEZ

Answer 1

Extends 200 nautical miles out from the coast. Only applies sovreign rights to resources below the surface (ie. oil, minerals, etc)

Question 2

Territorial Waters

Answer 2

Extend 12 nautical miles from a country’s coast. Nations have full sovereignty above and below water.

Question 3

Universal Jurisdiction

Answer 3

Allows for any country to prosecute a criminal, regardless of nationality or where the crime was committed.

Question 4

International Waters

Answer 4

Bodies of water outside of a countries territorial waters (12 miles).

Question 5

UNCLOS

Answer 5

United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea

Question 6

Nautical mile

Answer 6

1.1508 statute miles

Question 7

12 key provisions of UNCLOS

Answer 7

Setting limits
Navigation
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Continental shelf
Deep seabed mining
The exploitation regime
Technological prospects
The question of universal participation in the convention
Pioneer investors
Protection of the marine environment
Marine scientific research
Settlement of disputes

Question 8

Internal Waters

Answer 8

Landward of baseline; Coastal states have the right to set laws and use resources. Foreign vessels have no rights of passage

Question 9

Contiguous zone

Answer 9

Up to 24 NM; Coastal states have the rights to waters and airspace for the purpose of enforcing immigration, customs laws and taxation

Question 10

Conitnental Shelf

Answer 10

Up to 350 NM; Coastal states have the right to harvest non-living material in the subsoil of it’s continental shelf to the exclusion of others

Question 11

CITES

Answer 11

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Objective: Regulate international trade and wildlife

Question 12

UNCLOS main points

Answer 12

• Interests of Coastal states to maximum extension of it’s powers on adjacent areas
• Collective interests to the preservation of marine environment and to the exploitation of seabed and mineral resources in the high seas.
• Safeguard of traditional interests to the freedom of communication and movement
• Acceptation of a compulsory of settlement disputes

Question 13

Geographical bay

Answer 13

Can close a bay if you can fit a half circle in the water in the bay

Question 14

Island states

Answer 14

Must be closed in a 9:1 water to land ratio; must create pathways for ships.

Question 15

Polluter pays Principle

Answer 15

If you break it, you fix it

Eco-taxes (pollution may be unavoidable but the polluter should contribute to rehabilitation)

Question 16

Principle of non-discrimination

Answer 16

Seeks to guarantee that human rights are exercised without discrimination of any kind.

Question 17

Precautionary Principle

Answer 17

Risk prevention in the face of scientific uncertainty

Question 18

Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities

Answer 18

States have common but differentiated responsibilities based on capabilities of the individual states

Question 19

Principle of Intergenerational Equity

Answer 19

Fairness amongst generations. Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Question 20

Paris agreement

Answer 20

Central goal to keep warming well below 2degreesC and make efforts to limit it to 1.5 degreesC

Question 21

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Answer 21

All parties required to put forward their best efforts through NDCs to strengthen these efforts in years ahead

Question 22

Water Framework Directive

Answer 22

EU Directive adopted in 2000 that expanded the scope of water protection to all waters. Goal is to achieve a good status for all waters by a set deadline.

Question 23

Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Answer 23

Protect the resource base upon which marine related economic and social activities depend. Ecosystem approach to management of human activities having an impact on the marine environment, integrating the concepts of environmental protection and sustainable use.