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IMBRSea - Semester 1 > Chemical Oceanography > Flashcards

Chemical Oceanography Flashcards

1
Q

Major ions in seawater composition

A 
Chloride
Sodium
Sulfate
Magnesium
Calcium
Carbon
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2
Q

Minor elements in seawater composition

A 
Bromide
Strontium
Boron
Silicon
Flourine
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3
Q

Trace elements in seawater composition

A 
Nitrogen
Lithium
Iodine
Phosphorus
Zinc
Iron
Aluminum
Manganese
etc.
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4
Q

Cycles that bring ions into seawater

A

Recycling

Erosion

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5
Q

Residence time

A

The average length of time that a water molecule resides - or is stored - in any particular stage of the hydrological cycle.

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6
Q

Adiabatic fog

A

Forms when the ground surface is cooled by radiant heat loss at night into a clear sky.

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7
Q

Radiation fog

A

Forms when warm humid air moves (is advected) over cold ground or water and is cooled.

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8
Q

Sea-ice

A

Formed by the freezing of seawater, itself. Sea-ice is less saline than the seawater from which it freezes, so its formation increases the salt content of the remaining seawater, thus further depressing its freezing point and increasing its density.

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9
Q

Practical Salinity

A

Sp - inferred from measured conductivity (PSS-78). It is a unit-less value, related to SMOW:
Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW): S ≈ 35, [Cl- ] ≈ 19‰.

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10
Q

Salinity

A

Quantity of dissolve solute in a unit parcel of seawater. It is expressed as g per kg of seawater.

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11
Q

Salinity is lower if

_________ excedes __________.

A

Precipitation, Evaporation

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12
Q

Haloclines

A

a subtype of chemocline caused by a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water.

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13
Q

Concentration of Standard KCI solution

A

32.4356g/kg^-1

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14
Q

P.S.U.

A

Practical Salinity Units

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15
Q

Average salinity of seawater

A

35 parts per thousand

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16
Q

Chloride (Cl^-) is brought to seawater by ___________

A

Recycling.

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17
Q

Calcium (Ca^2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3) are brought to seawater by __________

A

Erosion.

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18
Q

Scavenging of metals

A

Metals exist in the dissolved phase but they readily adsorb (=stick to) particles which they get in
contact with. This process remove metals from the dissolved phase and once they are adsorb to
particles, transport them with the sinking of particles.

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19
Q

Terrigenous particles

A

Particles of continental origin consisting of organic matter

20
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Partial pressure/Kh = Concentration; the relationship between partial pressure and concentration within the liquid

21
Q

Diffusive Exchange

A

A diffusion of compounds that goes both ways across a change in the media. Change between a gaseous media and a liquid media.

22
Q

Diffusive Exchange

A

A diffusion of compounds that goes both ways across a change in the media. Change between a gaseous media and a liquid media.

23
Q

K_h

A

Likelihood of a molecule leaving a liquid

24
Q

K_h

A

Likelihood of a molecule leaving a liquid. In cold waters, K_h of a given gas is smaller because it’s water equilibrium concentration is higher

25
Q

Responsible for changing inorganic carbon into organic carbon

A

Phytoplankton

26
Q

How does carbon go into the deep ocean?

A

Organic carbon is created by phytoplankton at the surface, in the euphotic zone. It sinks through marine snow.

27
Q

Slow sinking particles create….

A

inorganic matter as they mineralize. Smaller amount of organic carbon reaches the seafloor. Marine snow is particles stuck together, and they will not degrade as quickly, meaning more organic carbon reaches the lower levels.

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE Carbon dioxide dissolves better in cold water

A

TRUE

29
Q

biogeochemical cycling

A

the pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of Earth.

30
Q

Abiotic compartments of Earth

A

Lithosphere: rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet
Hydrosphere: combined mass of water on, under and over the surface of a planet
Atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material or body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body

31
Q

Biotic compartment of earth

A

Biosphere: sum of all living organisms

32
Q

Carbon pools in these major reservoirs

A

Most of carbon is in the Lithosphere; next is Oceans and last is Atmosphere

33
Q

Redfield Ratio

A

Organic matter: (CH2O)_106 (NH3)_16 H_3PO_4
•Ratio C:N:P: 106 : 16 : 1

consistent atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in marine phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans.

34
Q

Carbon cycle (pH and Acidity)

A

-

35
Q

Different states of Carbon

A

bicarbonate ions
hydrogen ions
carbonate ions: combine with calcium ions to form calcium carbonate, which is used by shell building organisms such as coral, oysters, lobsters etc

36
Q

How is carbon cycled in the ocean?

A

-

37
Q

Why does acidification happen?

A

-

38
Q

How does acidification happen?

A

-

39
Q

Which areas of the ocean absorb the most CO2 from the air?

A

The cold northern and southern oceans

40
Q

General area of the ocean that has the lowest amount of CO2 diffusing into sea surface waters

A

Warm equatorial/tropical water

41
Q

Parts of the ocean that behave as strong carbon sinks

A

Cold Southern ocean and cold North Atlantic Ocean

42
Q

Electroneutrality

A

The sum of positive charge equivalents equals the sum of negative charge equivalents OR the overall charge of a solution is 0.

43
Q

Sulfide

A

Reduced sulfur

44
Q

Sulfate

A

Oxidized sulfur

45
Q

CLAW hypothesis

A

interaction between phytoplankton, ocean and atmosphere

46
Q

DMS

A

Dimethyl Sulfide; smell helps animals find food sources; stimulates formation of cloud-seeding particles, which lead to the formation of clouds

IMBRSea - Semester 1 (7 decks)

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