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Q5 Final Flashcards

1
Q

points of auscultation

A

PAM- 3,4,5
T- low 5

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2
Q

what are the sounds of the heart

A

S1- AVs close
S2- Semilunars close
S3- ventricular filling
S4- atrial contraction

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3
Q

grades of heart murmur

A

1- super faint
2- heart sounds still louder than murmur
3- heard on both sides of chest
4- cannot hear normal
5- palpable thrill
6- stethoscope off chest

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4
Q

what can weak femoral pulses signify

A

hypotension and aortic stenosis

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5
Q

what can bounding femoral pulses signify

A

PDA and aortic insufficiency

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6
Q

ECG lead locations

A

white is right (arm), smoke (left arm) over fire (left leg)

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7
Q

what does the doppler measure

A

systolic BP

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8
Q

where do you start your measurement for VHS

A

cranial edge of T4

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9
Q

8 primary derm lesions

A

macule, papule, pustule, vesicle, wheal, nodule, and cyst

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10
Q

7 secondary derm lesions

A

epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, ulcer/erosion, fissure, lichenification, callus

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11
Q

papules

A

very small elevation of skin (pyoderma)

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12
Q

nodule

A

solid elevation of tissue more than 1cm

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13
Q

macule

A

circumscribed change in skin color but FLAT

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14
Q

wheal

A

hives (small dermal edema)

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15
Q

leukotrichia

A

loss of hair pigment

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16
Q

darier’s sign

A

urticarial response caused by pressure on the skin (mast cell tumors)

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17
Q

nikolsky’s sign

A

rotating pressure causes epidermal separation (immune mediated)

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18
Q

why would you use KOH on a wet mount slide

A

epidermal cells separate from dermatophytes

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19
Q

six things to look for during gait analysis

A

symmetry, stride length, circumduction, head bob, hopping, stumbling

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20
Q

medial buttress

A

palpate medial aspect of tibia during standing exam

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21
Q

campbell’s test

A

testing for laxity in MCL/LCL of the elbow

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22
Q

common long bone tumor sites

A

away from the elbow
towards the knee

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23
Q

markers for tibial thrust test

A

one pointer finger over patellar tendon and tibial tuberosity, other hand flexes and extends tarsus

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24
Q

markers for cranial drawer test

A

patella and lateral fabella, tibial tuberosity and head of the fibula

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25
grading patellar luxation
1- patella in normal position, with some luxation 2- patella naturally in normal position but cannot return on its own 3- patella luxated, can reduce but will re-luxate on own 4- patella luxated, difficult to reduce
26
iliopsoas sign
pain on medial rotation of pelvic limb and abduction, pain on palpation of area
27
menace response CN
2 and 7
28
proptosis
protrusion of eye outside of bony orbit
29
microphthalmia
small globe (vs buphthalmia)
30
exophthalmos
anterior displacement of globe (vs enophthalmos)
31
epiphora
excessive tearing - often pain
32
anisocoria
different sizes pupils
33
PLR CN
2 and 3
34
palpebral CN
5 and 7
35
STT
tests CN 5 (reference 15-25)
36
drugs that dilate the pupil
tropicamide (diagnostic) and atropine (therapeutic)
37
direct ophthalmoscopy
greater magnification, but face a little close to patient
38
indirect ophthalmoscopy
less magnified, image inverted, but further away
39
IOP
normal ~10-20 mmHG in dog high = glaucoma low = uveitis
40
how many total cat teeth
30
41
malocclusion class 1
malposition of one or more individual teeth
42
malocclusion class 2
overbite
43
malocclusion class 3
underbite
44
malocclusion class 4
asymmetry between left and right, malalignment between maxilla or mandible sides
45
attrition vs abrasion
abrasion (wearing away through abnormal mechanical process) and attrition (tooth to tooth wearing)
46
normal sulcus depth
dog: 0-3mm cat: 0-1mm
47
furcation involvement (class I-III)
I: arch of the tooth structure can be felt II: probe penetrates more than 1 mm III: through and through passage of the probe
48
causes of gingival enlargement
drug induced (cyclosporine), pregnancy and puberty
49
how to identify scalers and where can we use them
pointy tip opposed to rounded toe with currette; thus used above the gumline
50
5 steps to periodontal therapy
supragingival ultrasonic and hand scaling, subgingival cleaning, polishing, irrigation and chlorhex rinse, x-rays and exam
50
pathogenesis of periodontal disease
plaque, calculus, bacteria, host response and gingivitis, then periodontitis
51
maxillary and mandibular carnassials
maxillary PM4 and mandibular M1
52
parallel technique
use only on caudal mandible
53
bisecting angle technique
use throughout the mouth
54
0-4 stages of periodontal disease
PD 0: clinically normal, slight laxity in sulcus PD 1: gingivitis but reversible still! PD 2: gingivitis and early attachment loss PD 3: gingivitis with attachment loss, stage 2 furcation involvement PD 4: severe periodontal disease, often mobile
55
alveoloplasty
smooth the alveolar bone around the extraction site
56
why would you release the periosteum when suturing an extraction site closed
relieves tension
57
exteroception
pain, temperature, pressure
58
proprioceptive ataxia
loss of sensory input from body to brain, often symmetric
59
vestibular ataxia
asymmetric, fall/tilt/lean to one side
60
cerebellar ataxia
symmetric exaggerated movements +/- tremors
61
cerebrum
planning/association and initiates motor activity
62
brainstem
integration and cranial nerve nuclei, executes motor activity
63
cerebellum
MODIFIES fine motor control
64
terms of altered mentation from more responsive to least
dull, obtunded, stuporous, comatose
65
patellar reflex nerves tested
femoral, L4-6
66
withdrawal reflexes for hind limb nerves tested
sciatic, L6-S3
67
withdrawal reflexes for front limb nerves tested
most nerves C6-T2
68
UMN vs LMN signs
spastic vs flaccid
69
oculocephalic reflex CN
CN 8 (+/- 6/3/4)
70
deep pain
MUST CONSCIOUSLY REACT
71
what is an acupoint
higher density of free nerve endings, lower resistance and higher conductivity
72
type I-IV acupoints
I: motor point II: dorsal and ventral midline III: nerves/nerve plexuses IV: muscle tendon junctions
73
gate theory of acupuncture
pre-synaptic inhibition of information carried by c fibers
74
what drugs alter or block acupuncture
naloxone, dexamethasone, procaine, adrenalectomy increase AP analgesia
75
yin vs yang
yin: female, dark, cooling, night, tail yang: male, light, warming, day, head
76
five element theory
wood: spring, birth, liver and gall bladder fire: summer, adolescence, heart and circulation earth: harvest, maturity, spleen and stomach metal: autumn, retirement, lung and colon water: senescence, winter, gestation, kidney and bladder
77
five zhang (yin) organ systems
LU, SP, HT, KID, LIV
78
contraindications for acupuncture
pregnancy, old patients, seizure disorders maybe, heart murmur
79
degenerate changes
nuclear changes/ swollen nucleus
80
most common filamentous bacterial infections
nocardia and actinomyces (fusobacterium a little)
81
perianal adenoma
"hepatoid tumors" in male intact older dogs, bc testosterone dependent
82
AGASACA
sea of cytoplasm, carcinoma, older dogs, hypercalcemia, prognosis is ~18m
83
types of round cell tumors (LYMPH)
lymphoma, TVT (punctate vacuoles)

PVM (4 decks)

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