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PVM > Q5 Final > Flashcards

Q5 Final Flashcards

1
Q

points of auscultation

A

PAM- 3,4,5
T- low 5

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2
Q

what are the sounds of the heart

A

S1- AVs close
S2- Semilunars close
S3- ventricular filling
S4- atrial contraction

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3
Q

grades of heart murmur

A

1- super faint
2- heart sounds still louder than murmur
3- heard on both sides of chest
4- cannot hear normal
5- palpable thrill
6- stethoscope off chest

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4
Q

what can weak femoral pulses signify

A

hypotension and aortic stenosis

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5
Q

what can bounding femoral pulses signify

A

PDA and aortic insufficiency

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6
Q

ECG lead locations

A

white is right (arm), smoke (left arm) over fire (left leg)

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7
Q

what does the doppler measure

A

systolic BP

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8
Q

where do you start your measurement for VHS

A

cranial edge of T4

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9
Q

8 primary derm lesions

A

macule, papule, pustule, vesicle, wheal, nodule, and cyst

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10
Q

7 secondary derm lesions

A

epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, ulcer/erosion, fissure, lichenification, callus

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11
Q

papules

A

very small elevation of skin (pyoderma)

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12
Q

nodule

A

solid elevation of tissue more than 1cm

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13
Q

macule

A

circumscribed change in skin color but FLAT

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14
Q

wheal

A

hives (small dermal edema)

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15
Q

leukotrichia

A

loss of hair pigment

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16
Q

darier’s sign

A

urticarial response caused by pressure on the skin (mast cell tumors)

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17
Q

nikolsky’s sign

A

rotating pressure causes epidermal separation (immune mediated)

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18
Q

why would you use KOH on a wet mount slide

A

epidermal cells separate from dermatophytes

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19
Q

six things to look for during gait analysis

A

symmetry, stride length, circumduction, head bob, hopping, stumbling

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20
Q

medial buttress

A

palpate medial aspect of tibia during standing exam

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21
Q

campbell’s test

A

testing for laxity in MCL/LCL of the elbow

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22
Q

common long bone tumor sites

A

away from the elbow
towards the knee

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23
Q

markers for tibial thrust test

A

one pointer finger over patellar tendon and tibial tuberosity, other hand flexes and extends tarsus

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24
Q

markers for cranial drawer test

A

patella and lateral fabella, tibial tuberosity and head of the fibula

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25
Q

grading patellar luxation

A

1- patella in normal position, with some luxation
2- patella naturally in normal position but cannot return on its own
3- patella luxated, can reduce but will re-luxate on own
4- patella luxated, difficult to reduce

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26
Q

iliopsoas sign

A

pain on medial rotation of pelvic limb and abduction, pain on palpation of area

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27
Q

menace response CN

A

2 and 7

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28
Q

proptosis

A

protrusion of eye outside of bony orbit

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29
Q

microphthalmia

A

small globe (vs buphthalmia)

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30
Q

exophthalmos

A

anterior displacement of globe (vs enophthalmos)

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31
Q

epiphora

A

excessive tearing - often pain

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32
Q

anisocoria

A

different sizes pupils

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33
Q

PLR CN

A

2 and 3

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34
Q

palpebral CN

A

5 and 7

35
Q

STT

A

tests CN 5 (reference 15-25)

36
Q

drugs that dilate the pupil

A

tropicamide (diagnostic) and atropine (therapeutic)

37
Q

direct ophthalmoscopy

A

greater magnification, but face a little close to patient

38
Q

indirect ophthalmoscopy

A

less magnified, image inverted, but further away

39
Q

IOP

A

normal ~10-20 mmHG in dog
high = glaucoma
low = uveitis

40
Q

how many total cat teeth

A

30

41
Q

malocclusion class 1

A

malposition of one or more individual teeth

42
Q

malocclusion class 2

A

overbite

43
Q

malocclusion class 3

A

underbite

44
Q

malocclusion class 4

A

asymmetry between left and right, malalignment between maxilla or mandible sides

45
Q

attrition vs abrasion

A

abrasion (wearing away through abnormal mechanical process) and attrition (tooth to tooth wearing)

46
Q

normal sulcus depth

A

dog: 0-3mm
cat: 0-1mm

47
Q

furcation involvement (class I-III)

A

I: arch of the tooth structure can be felt
II: probe penetrates more than 1 mm
III: through and through passage of the probe

48
Q

causes of gingival enlargement

A

drug induced (cyclosporine), pregnancy and puberty

49
Q

how to identify scalers and where can we use them

A

pointy tip opposed to rounded toe with currette; thus used above the gumline

50
Q

5 steps to periodontal therapy

A

supragingival ultrasonic and hand scaling, subgingival cleaning, polishing, irrigation and chlorhex rinse, x-rays and exam

50
Q

pathogenesis of periodontal disease

A

plaque, calculus, bacteria, host response and gingivitis, then periodontitis

51
Q

maxillary and mandibular carnassials

A

maxillary PM4 and mandibular M1

52
Q

parallel technique

A

use only on caudal mandible

53
Q

bisecting angle technique

A

use throughout the mouth

54
Q

0-4 stages of periodontal disease

A

PD 0: clinically normal, slight laxity in sulcus
PD 1: gingivitis but reversible still!
PD 2: gingivitis and early attachment loss
PD 3: gingivitis with attachment loss, stage 2 furcation involvement
PD 4: severe periodontal disease, often mobile

55
Q

alveoloplasty

A

smooth the alveolar bone around the extraction site

56
Q

why would you release the periosteum when suturing an extraction site closed

A

relieves tension

57
Q

exteroception

A

pain, temperature, pressure

58
Q

proprioceptive ataxia

A

loss of sensory input from body to brain, often symmetric

59
Q

vestibular ataxia

A

asymmetric, fall/tilt/lean to one side

60
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

symmetric exaggerated movements +/- tremors

61
Q

cerebrum

A

planning/association and initiates motor activity

62
Q

brainstem

A

integration and cranial nerve nuclei, executes motor activity

63
Q

cerebellum

A

MODIFIES fine motor control

64
Q

terms of altered mentation from more responsive to least

A

dull, obtunded, stuporous, comatose

65
Q

patellar reflex nerves tested

A

femoral, L4-6

66
Q

withdrawal reflexes for hind limb nerves tested

A

sciatic, L6-S3

67
Q

withdrawal reflexes for front limb nerves tested

A

most nerves C6-T2

68
Q

UMN vs LMN signs

A

spastic vs flaccid

69
Q

oculocephalic reflex CN

A

CN 8 (+/- 6/3/4)

70
Q

deep pain

A

MUST CONSCIOUSLY REACT

71
Q

what is an acupoint

A

higher density of free nerve endings, lower resistance and higher conductivity

72
Q

type I-IV acupoints

A

I: motor point
II: dorsal and ventral midline
III: nerves/nerve plexuses
IV: muscle tendon junctions

73
Q

gate theory of acupuncture

A

pre-synaptic inhibition of information carried by c fibers

74
Q

what drugs alter or block acupuncture

A

naloxone, dexamethasone, procaine, adrenalectomy increase AP analgesia

75
Q

yin vs yang

A

yin: female, dark, cooling, night, tail
yang: male, light, warming, day, head

76
Q

five element theory

A

wood: spring, birth, liver and gall bladder
fire: summer, adolescence, heart and circulation
earth: harvest, maturity, spleen and stomach
metal: autumn, retirement, lung and colon
water: senescence, winter, gestation, kidney and bladder

77
Q

five zhang (yin) organ systems

A

LU, SP, HT, KID, LIV

78
Q

contraindications for acupuncture

A

pregnancy, old patients, seizure disorders maybe, heart murmur

79
Q

degenerate changes

A

nuclear changes/ swollen nucleus

80
Q

most common filamentous bacterial infections

A

nocardia and actinomyces (fusobacterium a little)

81
Q

perianal adenoma

A

“hepatoid tumors” in male intact older dogs, bc testosterone dependent

82
Q

AGASACA

A

sea of cytoplasm, carcinoma, older dogs, hypercalcemia, prognosis is ~18m

83
Q

types of round cell tumors (LYMPH)

A

lymphoma, TVT (punctate vacuoles)

PVM (4 decks)

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