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PVM > Farm Animal Exam > Flashcards

Farm Animal Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons for human handling of livestock

A

SAFETY, welfare and health of animals, production, consumer preferences

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2
Q

What aspects of cattle being prey animals are important in how we handle them?

A

Flight zone, point of balance, wide field of vision, and poor perception of depth

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3
Q

Flight zone

A

Distance an animal will keep for feeling safe from potential danger

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4
Q

How can you move cattle forward in a squeeze chute?

A

Walk OPPOSITE the way that you want them to move

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5
Q

Where is the point of balance in an cow?

A

At their shoulders

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6
Q

Where does the fixed piece of a halter sit on the cattle face?

A

Over the nose bridge

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7
Q

Where should you tie the head for standing surgery?

A

Towards the side of the incision

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8
Q

What should you tie a tail tie to?

A

Only to the animal itself!!

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9
Q

What are some cautions when casting cattle?

A

Bloat, aspiration, and radial nerve damage

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10
Q

What does tail jacking and udder cinching do?

A

Immobilizes the back legs

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11
Q

Holstein

A

Classic black and white dairy cow

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12
Q

Jersey

A

Light brown dairy cow, often black nose, high butter fat and low maintenance

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13
Q

Brown Swiss cow

A

Brown dairy cow, high butter fat and hardy

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14
Q

Guernsey

A

Dairy cow, high butter fat and beta carotene

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15
Q

Difference between primary English beef breeds and continental breeds

A

Primary are early maturing, continental are late maturing

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16
Q

Wether

A

Castrated male sheep or goat

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17
Q

Hampshire sheep

A

Large breed for meat and show, white wool and black face, ears and limbs

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18
Q

Suffolk sheep

A

Meat and show, most common in US, white wool but completely black face and ears/head

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19
Q

Texel sheep

A

Bull dog lookin sheep, meat and show

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20
Q

East fresian sheep

A

Dairy, all white wool and fur, not very hardy

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21
Q

Katahdin sheep

A

Composite hair sheep US, used for meat, easy care and good carcass quality

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22
Q

Dorper sheep

A

Meat and pelt, white with black head and neck

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23
Q

Navajo churro sheep

A

Common on reservations, very hardy, lots of horns

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24
Q

Merino sheep

A

Thick neck folds, wool covers entire body and curling horns

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25
Q

Boer goats

A

Red and white, meat and show breed

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26
Q

Spanish goats

A

Hardy meat goats, very generic look

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27
Q

Alpine goats

A

Continental dairy breed, tricolor with upright ears

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28
Q

Anglo-Nubian goats

A

Diary and hide, large angular frame, very long droopy ears and variable color

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29
Q

Saanen goats

A

Large white goats for dairy, nice

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30
Q

Toggenburg goats

A

Swiss dairy breed, tan with white markings, upright ears

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31
Q

Pygmy goats

A

Brown eyes, small goats and weird proportions

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32
Q

Nigerian dwarf goats

A

Can be used for dairy, well proportioned and variable colored

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33
Q

How often should hoof trimming and shearing be done?

A

Twice per year or before lambing (around udder)

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34
Q

Hembra

A

Adult female camelid

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35
Q

Macho

A

Adult male camelid

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36
Q

Cria

A

Young camelid

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37
Q

Bactrian vs dromedary camels

A

Bactrian has 2 humps and dromedary has 1

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38
Q

Llama differences vs alpacas

A

Llamas have tall banana ears and are generally bigger

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39
Q

Berserk syndrome

A

If they are too nice, will start treating people like other llamas and unfortunately doesn’t work well when they are older

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40
Q

Reasons for cutting camelid incisors

A

Aesthetics for showing, pretension if eating grass, or keeping machos from hurting each other

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41
Q

Kushing/cushing

A

Camelids laying down in sternal recumbency, often ready for breeding or resting

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42
Q

Miniature pigs

A

Average mature weight less than 200 lbs

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43
Q

Tamworth pigs

A

Bacon type breed, red color, lanky with upright ears

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44
Q

Duroc pigs

A

Meat and lard, dark red with floppy ears

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45
Q

Hampshire pigs

A

Meat, upright ears and look like oreos

46
Q

Poland china pigs

A

Meat, black body with white feet and face, floppy ears

47
Q

Landrace

A

Meat, all white/ light pink, large floppy ears

48
Q

Yorkshire pigs

A

Meat, large white body with upright ears

49
Q

Vietnamese potbellied pig

A

Pet, small upright ears with swayback

50
Q

Juliana pigs

A

Pet, spotted with long snout and straight back

51
Q

Kunekune pigs

A

Short snout, straight back, colorful and hairy

52
Q

National Uniform Eartagging System

A

Series of numbers that include a postal code or tribal number plus combination of letters and numbers

53
Q

Animal ID Number

A

3 digit country code (USA is 840) plus 12 numbers

54
Q

Flock based and herd numbers

A

State postal code plus unique flock number and herd number

55
Q

Location based number plus herd number

A

PIN and location number, assigned by state

56
Q

How long do you need to trace livestock?

A

2 years in poultry and swine, 5 years for everything else

57
Q

Why are microchips not recommended in swine?

A

Migration within the tissue (base of left ear if anywhere)

58
Q

What ID do swine need to have for import into Arizona?

A

Either federal ear tag, or ear notching AND PIN

59
Q

When and where are orange metal tags/green shield tattoos placed on cattle?

A

Right ear when heifer is vaccinated for brucellosis between 4-12m (tattoo is R, shield, then last number of year vaccine is given)

60
Q

When are silver government tags used

A

All cattle not receiving the brucella vaccine

61
Q

Where will RFID tags be placed on cattle once we switch to them over the next few years?

A

Left ear

62
Q

What are the requirements for cattle entry to AZ if they are moving directly to slaughter?

A

Just a USDA backtag

63
Q

Scrapie tag colors (left ear)

A

White or silver- normal, low-risk
Blue- slaughter only
Red- positive
Yellow- high-risk

64
Q

ADGA tattoo guidelines

A

Right ear means herd number, left ear is year letter plus birth order on farm

65
Q

Closed herd

A

Ideal for biosecurity, where no new livestock are ever introduced to others or exposed to pathogens in trailers or at shows

66
Q

What does the CMT test for

A

Subclinical mastitis

67
Q

What does FAMACHA test for?

A

Anemia (usually due to heamonchus)

68
Q

Core vaccines in cattle (5)

A

IBRV, BVDV, BRSV, PI3, Clostridial vaccines

69
Q

Core vaccines in sheep and camelids

A

CD&T

70
Q

Potbellied pigs core vaccines

A

Erysipelas and CD&T

71
Q

What is the biggest advantage of cattle production

A

Convert often unusable products to human food

72
Q

What are the challenges facing the beef industry (6)

A

Increasing demand, feed costs, changing consumer preferences, animal welfare issues, environmental issues, animal rights

73
Q

Order of movement of cattle in beef industry

A

Grower, backgrounding, stocker, feedlot

74
Q

When do we breed heifers?

A

BCS~6 and 65% mature weight

75
Q

How often should cattle have calves?

A

Goal is 1/year, most people do springtime for good grass, liftetime goal is 7 calves

76
Q

What is the purpose of a stocker

A

Balance seasonal production of cattle and economic cost of grain

77
Q

Delayed and emergency slaughter

A

Small ruminants can be inspected the day before slaughter or injured (not sick) animals can be killed immediately, not for cattle

78
Q

What are the top beef producing states in the US

A

Texas, Nebraska, Oklahoma

79
Q

What are the top dairy producing states in the US

A

California, Wisconsin, Idaho

80
Q

How is colostrum different on dairy farm

A

Dairy cows bred for dairy production, not colostrum production so need to test to make sure colostrum will be sufficient for calf

81
Q

When does peak lactation occur in the dairy cow

A

6 weeks after “freshening” (total 305)

82
Q

Which states produce the most swine

A

Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina

83
Q

All-in, all-out

A

Very popular in swine production, pigs grouped by age and brought in as a group and then moved together, facilities deep cleaned between groups

84
Q

Why do we need to be extra careful about bio security in swine nurseries?

A

Waning Ig from colostrum, starting to commingle with other litters and dietary changes

85
Q

What taste do adult cattle avoid

A

Bitter (alkali)

86
Q

Concentrate selectors

A

Soluble fiber, berries, fruit

87
Q

Roughage feeders

A

Most advanced to foregut fermentation, grass

88
Q

What temperatures cause cows to eat more?

A

Cold temperatures

89
Q

Do cows eat more or less during pregnancy

A

Less

90
Q

Catabolic vs anabolic

A

Fermentation vs protein and B12

91
Q

Advantages of foregut fermentation

A

Energy from fiber, microbes provide amino acids, fermentation provides B vitamins

92
Q

What is a big disadvantage of foregut fermentation

A

Inefficient, susceptible to toxicosis and acidosis

93
Q

Where does protein digestion happen in the ruminant?

A

Abomasum (glandular)

94
Q

What could be a problem if the butter fat content is low in milk?

A

Subclinical acidosis (CLA isomers produced which inhibits milk fat synthesis)

95
Q

How much colostrum does a dairy calf need and when?

A

10% body weight in first 24 hours, half of that in first 3 hours

96
Q

What the make up of the feed for a far off dry cow?

A

High fiber, moderate energy

97
Q

What the make up of the feed for a close up dry cow?

A

Moderate energy, TMR PRN

98
Q

What the make up of the feed for a lactating cow?

A

TMR, keeps rumen environment more consistent which increases milk production

99
Q

TMR concentration

A

85% concentrate, 15% fiber

100
Q

Fog fever

A

Tryptophan toxicity caused by switching from dry forage to lush pastures, pulmonary edema

101
Q

Free gas bloat

A

Gas trapped in rumen (often obstruction in the esophagus) sometimes when cows are switched to high grain diets

102
Q

Frothy bloat

A

Whole rumen filled with bubbles, often caused by legumes (like alfalfa)

103
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Excessive highly fermentable carbs are fed (high-grain) rumen microbiome changes to ferment starch to lactic acidosis, pills water to rumen and urine pH drops

104
Q

Ketosis

A

High rate of milk production with negative energy balance, fat stores converted to ketones in the liver

105
Q

PEM

A

Brain lesions caused by thiamin deficiency (occurs as a result of dysbiosis following rumenal acidosis normally

106
Q

Calf hutches

A

Separate calves from each other (disease containment and nutrition management) probably gonna be phased out

107
Q

28 hour rule

A

Animals cannot be on the truck for longer than 28 hours, have to be given time to rest off the truck

108
Q

Battery cages

A

Stacked chicken cages being phased out in next ten yeers for “free-range”

109
Q

National dairy farm program

A

Goal is 99% of animals score well for BCS, hygiene, foot health, and knee lesions scores

110
Q

Replacement, reduction, refinement

A

Research standards to use other methods when possible (cell cultures), reduce number involved, and refine methods to reduce suffering

PVM (4 decks)

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