Farm Animal Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Reasons for human handling of livestock
A
SAFETY, welfare and health of animals, production, consumer preferences
2
Q
What aspects of cattle being prey animals are important in how we handle them?
A
Flight zone, point of balance, wide field of vision, and poor perception of depth
3
Q
Flight zone
A
Distance an animal will keep for feeling safe from potential danger
4
Q
How can you move cattle forward in a squeeze chute?
A
Walk OPPOSITE the way that you want them to move
5
Q
Where is the point of balance in an cow?
A
At their shoulders
6
Q
Where does the fixed piece of a halter sit on the cattle face?
A
Over the nose bridge
7
Q
Where should you tie the head for standing surgery?
A
Towards the side of the incision
8
Q
What should you tie a tail tie to?
A
Only to the animal itself!!
9
Q
What are some cautions when casting cattle?
A
Bloat, aspiration, and radial nerve damage
10
Q
What does tail jacking and udder cinching do?
A
Immobilizes the back legs
11
Q
Holstein
A
Classic black and white dairy cow
12
Q
Jersey
A
Light brown dairy cow, often black nose, high butter fat and low maintenance
13
Q
Brown Swiss cow
A
Brown dairy cow, high butter fat and hardy
14
Q
Guernsey
A
Dairy cow, high butter fat and beta carotene
15
Q
Difference between primary English beef breeds and continental breeds
A
Primary are early maturing, continental are late maturing
16
Q
Wether
A
Castrated male sheep or goat
17
Q
Hampshire sheep
A
Large breed for meat and show, white wool and black face, ears and limbs
18
Q
Suffolk sheep
A
Meat and show, most common in US, white wool but completely black face and ears/head
19
Q
Texel sheep
A
Bull dog lookin sheep, meat and show
20
Q
East fresian sheep
A
Dairy, all white wool and fur, not very hardy
21
Q
Katahdin sheep
A
Composite hair sheep US, used for meat, easy care and good carcass quality
22
Q
Dorper sheep
A
Meat and pelt, white with black head and neck
23
Q
Navajo churro sheep
A
Common on reservations, very hardy, lots of horns
24
Q
Merino sheep
A
Thick neck folds, wool covers entire body and curling horns
25
Boer goats
Red and white, meat and show breed
26
Spanish goats
Hardy meat goats, very generic look
27
Alpine goats
Continental dairy breed, tricolor with upright ears
28
Anglo-Nubian goats
Diary and hide, large angular frame, very long droopy ears and variable color
29
Saanen goats
Large white goats for dairy, nice
30
Toggenburg goats
Swiss dairy breed, tan with white markings, upright ears
31
Pygmy goats
Brown eyes, small goats and weird proportions
32
Nigerian dwarf goats
Can be used for dairy, well proportioned and variable colored
33
How often should hoof trimming and shearing be done?
Twice per year or before lambing (around udder)
34
Hembra
Adult female camelid
35
Macho
Adult male camelid
36
Cria
Young camelid
37
Bactrian vs dromedary camels
Bactrian has 2 humps and dromedary has 1
38
Llama differences vs alpacas
Llamas have tall banana ears and are generally bigger
39
Berserk syndrome
If they are too nice, will start treating people like other llamas and unfortunately doesn’t work well when they are older
40
Reasons for cutting camelid incisors
Aesthetics for showing, pretension if eating grass, or keeping machos from hurting each other
41
Kushing/cushing
Camelids laying down in sternal recumbency, often ready for breeding or resting
42
Miniature pigs
Average mature weight less than 200 lbs
43
Tamworth pigs
Bacon type breed, red color, lanky with upright ears
44
Duroc pigs
Meat and lard, dark red with floppy ears
45
Hampshire pigs
Meat, upright ears and look like oreos
46
Poland china pigs
Meat, black body with white feet and face, floppy ears
47
Landrace
Meat, all white/ light pink, large floppy ears
48
Yorkshire pigs
Meat, large white body with upright ears
49
Vietnamese potbellied pig
Pet, small upright ears with swayback
50
Juliana pigs
Pet, spotted with long snout and straight back
51
Kunekune pigs
Short snout, straight back, colorful and hairy
52
National Uniform Eartagging System
Series of numbers that include a postal code or tribal number plus combination of letters and numbers
53
Animal ID Number
3 digit country code (USA is 840) plus 12 numbers
54
Flock based and herd numbers
State postal code plus unique flock number and herd number
55
Location based number plus herd number
PIN and location number, assigned by state
56
How long do you need to trace livestock?
2 years in poultry and swine, 5 years for everything else
57
Why are microchips not recommended in swine?
Migration within the tissue (base of left ear if anywhere)
58
What ID do swine need to have for import into Arizona?
Either federal ear tag, or ear notching AND PIN
59
When and where are orange metal tags/green shield tattoos placed on cattle?
Right ear when heifer is vaccinated for brucellosis between 4-12m (tattoo is R, shield, then last number of year vaccine is given)
60
When are silver government tags used
All cattle not receiving the brucella vaccine
61
Where will RFID tags be placed on cattle once we switch to them over the next few years?
Left ear
62
What are the requirements for cattle entry to AZ if they are moving directly to slaughter?
Just a USDA backtag
63
Scrapie tag colors (left ear)
White or silver- normal, low-risk
Blue- slaughter only
Red- positive
Yellow- high-risk
64
ADGA tattoo guidelines
Right ear means herd number, left ear is year letter plus birth order on farm
65
Closed herd
Ideal for biosecurity, where no new livestock are ever introduced to others or exposed to pathogens in trailers or at shows
66
What does the CMT test for
Subclinical mastitis
67
What does FAMACHA test for?
Anemia (usually due to heamonchus)
68
Core vaccines in cattle (5)
IBRV, BVDV, BRSV, PI3, Clostridial vaccines
69
Core vaccines in sheep and camelids
CD&T
70
Potbellied pigs core vaccines
Erysipelas and CD&T
71
What is the biggest advantage of cattle production
Convert often unusable products to human food
72
What are the challenges facing the beef industry (6)
Increasing demand, feed costs, changing consumer preferences, animal welfare issues, environmental issues, animal rights
73
Order of movement of cattle in beef industry
Grower, backgrounding, stocker, feedlot
74
When do we breed heifers?
BCS~6 and 65% mature weight
75
How often should cattle have calves?
Goal is 1/year, most people do springtime for good grass, liftetime goal is 7 calves
76
What is the purpose of a stocker
Balance seasonal production of cattle and economic cost of grain
77
Delayed and emergency slaughter
Small ruminants can be inspected the day before slaughter or injured (not sick) animals can be killed immediately, not for cattle
78
What are the top beef producing states in the US
Texas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
79
What are the top dairy producing states in the US
California, Wisconsin, Idaho
80
How is colostrum different on dairy farm
Dairy cows bred for dairy production, not colostrum production so need to test to make sure colostrum will be sufficient for calf
81
When does peak lactation occur in the dairy cow
6 weeks after “freshening” (total 305)
82
Which states produce the most swine
Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina
83
All-in, all-out
Very popular in swine production, pigs grouped by age and brought in as a group and then moved together, facilities deep cleaned between groups
84
Why do we need to be extra careful about bio security in swine nurseries?
Waning Ig from colostrum, starting to commingle with other litters and dietary changes
85
What taste do adult cattle avoid
Bitter (alkali)
86
Concentrate selectors
Soluble fiber, berries, fruit
87
Roughage feeders
Most advanced to foregut fermentation, grass
88
What temperatures cause cows to eat more?
Cold temperatures
89
Do cows eat more or less during pregnancy
Less
90
Catabolic vs anabolic
Fermentation vs protein and B12
91
Advantages of foregut fermentation
Energy from fiber, microbes provide amino acids, fermentation provides B vitamins
92
What is a big disadvantage of foregut fermentation
Inefficient, susceptible to toxicosis and acidosis
93
Where does protein digestion happen in the ruminant?
Abomasum (glandular)
94
What could be a problem if the butter fat content is low in milk?
Subclinical acidosis (CLA isomers produced which inhibits milk fat synthesis)
95
How much colostrum does a dairy calf need and when?
10% body weight in first 24 hours, half of that in first 3 hours
96
What the make up of the feed for a far off dry cow?
High fiber, moderate energy
97
What the make up of the feed for a close up dry cow?
Moderate energy, TMR PRN
98
What the make up of the feed for a lactating cow?
TMR, keeps rumen environment more consistent which increases milk production
99
TMR concentration
85% concentrate, 15% fiber
100
Fog fever
Tryptophan toxicity caused by switching from dry forage to lush pastures, pulmonary edema
101
Free gas bloat
Gas trapped in rumen (often obstruction in the esophagus) sometimes when cows are switched to high grain diets
102
Frothy bloat
Whole rumen filled with bubbles, often caused by legumes (like alfalfa)
103
Lactic acidosis
Excessive highly fermentable carbs are fed (high-grain) rumen microbiome changes to ferment starch to lactic acidosis, pills water to rumen and urine pH drops
104
Ketosis
High rate of milk production with negative energy balance, fat stores converted to ketones in the liver
105
PEM
Brain lesions caused by thiamin deficiency (occurs as a result of dysbiosis following rumenal acidosis normally
106
Calf hutches
Separate calves from each other (disease containment and nutrition management) probably gonna be phased out
107
28 hour rule
Animals cannot be on the truck for longer than 28 hours, have to be given time to rest off the truck
108
Battery cages
Stacked chicken cages being phased out in next ten yeers for “free-range”
109
National dairy farm program
Goal is 99% of animals score well for BCS, hygiene, foot health, and knee lesions scores
110
Replacement, reduction, refinement
Research standards to use other methods when possible (cell cultures), reduce number involved, and refine methods to reduce suffering
