Equine Written Exam

Question 1

order of the horse GI tract following the stomach (11)

Answer 1

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum (R side), r ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending (small) colon, rectum

Question 2

what are three flexures in the horse?

Answer 2

sternal flexure, pelvic flexure, and diaphragmatic flexure

Question 3

taenia and haustra

Answer 3

bands and pouches between, respectively

Question 4

what organ primarily sits along the entire L side of the equine abdominal cavity

Answer 4

spleen (little liver)

Question 5

what is the most common organism in the avian microbiota

Answer 5

phylum fermicutes

Question 6

which type of parasite is likely implicated in an ileocecal intussusception

Answer 6

tapeworms

Question 7

what is a likely cause of a cecal impaction

Answer 7

secondary to surgery and NSAIDS

Question 8

nephrosplenic ligament

Answer 8

ligament between kidney and spleen, often entraps left dorsal colon

Question 9

meconium impaction

Answer 9

first poop of a foal, brown and sticky from digested amniotic fluid

Question 10

normal heart rate in a horse

Answer 10

28-40 bpm

Question 11

heart sounds

Answer 11

S4- contraction of atria
S1- closure of AV valves (lub)
S2- closure of semilunar valves
S3- filling of ventricles

Question 12

what are the four lymph nodes you can palpate in the horse

Answer 12

mandibular, parotid, cervical, inguinal

Question 13

where can you hear sand on ascultation?

Answer 13

ventral midline

Question 14

approved methods of large animal euthanasia

Answer 14

injectable barbiturates, captive bolt and exsanguination, gunshot, potassium chloride while anesthetized

Question 15

where should you aim a gun to efficiently kill a horse?

Answer 15

x marks the spot between ears and eyes

Question 16

hoof-pastern axis (HPA)

Answer 16

straight line that passes through the center of the 3 phalanges, should be perfectly level with dorsal surface of the hoof wall

Question 17

medial to lateral hoof imbalance

Answer 17

outside toe strikes the ground before the heel

Question 18

sheared heels

Answer 18

displacement of one heel bulb proximally relative to other bulb

Question 19

contracted heels

Answer 19

heels narrower than normal

Question 20

thrush

Answer 20

degenerative condition of the frog, wet conditions with bad smell

Question 21

white line disease

Answer 21

keratolytic process on the solar surface, separation of the inner zone of the hoof wall

Question 22

canker

Answer 22

infectious process thta results in chronic hypertrophy of the horn-producing tissue, starts in the frog

Question 23

navicular disease

Answer 23

most common cause of chronic forelimb lameness, degenerative condition of the navicular bone

Question 24

pedal osteitis

Answer 24

inflammatory demineralization of P3

Question 25

sidebone

Answer 25

ossification of the collateral cartilages of the foot

Question 26

quittor

Answer 26

infection of the collateral cartilages

Question 27

gravel

Answer 27

ascending infection of the white line

Question 28

keratoma

Answer 28

keratin tissue growing between hoof wall and distal phalanx, usually can tell from deviation of the coronary band

Question 29

how much of their body weight should horses consume of food and water?

Answer 29

food: 1.5-3% of body weight
water: 5% of body weight

Question 30

anisognathic jaw

Answer 30

figure of eight dental grind in horses, predisposes to sharp points

Question 31

ascarids (parascaris equorum)

Answer 31

dangerous in weanlings, start deworming at 6-8 weeks, some resistance to everything, usually use fenbendazole

Question 32

strongyles (strongylus vulgaris and cyathostomes)

Answer 32

large causes thromboembolic colic, ivermectin effective, small encysted ones have some resistance to all (use moxidectin), use to determine shedding status

Question 33

tapeworms (anoplocephala perfoliata)

Answer 33

doesn’t show up in fecal, usually present in the cecum, pyrantel effective with double dose, use praziquantel

Question 34

bots (gasterophilus spp)

Answer 34

doesn’t show up on fecal, limited pathology, stomach

Question 35

pinworms (oxyuris equi)

Answer 35

notice on tail and anus, doesn’t show up on fecal

Question 36

difference between low, moderate and high shedders

Answer 36

low: 0-200 epg
moderate: 200-500 epg
high: >500 epg

Question 37

when should initial vaccination of foals start?

Answer 37

3-6 months of age