Equine Written Exam Flashcards
order of the horse GI tract following the stomach (11)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum (R side), r ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending (small) colon, rectum
what are three flexures in the horse?
sternal flexure, pelvic flexure, and diaphragmatic flexure
taenia and haustra
bands and pouches between, respectively
what organ primarily sits along the entire L side of the equine abdominal cavity
spleen (little liver)
what is the most common organism in the avian microbiota
phylum fermicutes
which type of parasite is likely implicated in an ileocecal intussusception
tapeworms
what is a likely cause of a cecal impaction
secondary to surgery and NSAIDS
nephrosplenic ligament
ligament between kidney and spleen, often entraps left dorsal colon
meconium impaction
first poop of a foal, brown and sticky from digested amniotic fluid
normal heart rate in a horse
28-40 bpm
heart sounds
S4- contraction of atria
S1- closure of AV valves (lub)
S2- closure of semilunar valves
S3- filling of ventricles
what are the four lymph nodes you can palpate in the horse
mandibular, parotid, cervical, inguinal
where can you hear sand on ascultation?
ventral midline
approved methods of large animal euthanasia
injectable barbiturates, captive bolt and exsanguination, gunshot, potassium chloride while anesthetized
where should you aim a gun to efficiently kill a horse?
x marks the spot between ears and eyes
hoof-pastern axis (HPA)
straight line that passes through the center of the 3 phalanges, should be perfectly level with dorsal surface of the hoof wall
medial to lateral hoof imbalance
outside toe strikes the ground before the heel
sheared heels
displacement of one heel bulb proximally relative to other bulb
contracted heels
heels narrower than normal
thrush
degenerative condition of the frog, wet conditions with bad smell
white line disease
keratolytic process on the solar surface, separation of the inner zone of the hoof wall
canker
infectious process thta results in chronic hypertrophy of the horn-producing tissue, starts in the frog
navicular disease
most common cause of chronic forelimb lameness, degenerative condition of the navicular bone
pedal osteitis
inflammatory demineralization of P3
sidebone
ossification of the collateral cartilages of the foot
quittor
infection of the collateral cartilages
gravel
ascending infection of the white line
keratoma
keratin tissue growing between hoof wall and distal phalanx, usually can tell from deviation of the coronary band
how much of their body weight should horses consume of food and water?
food: 1.5-3% of body weight
water: 5% of body weight
anisognathic jaw
figure of eight dental grind in horses, predisposes to sharp points
ascarids (parascaris equorum)
dangerous in weanlings, start deworming at 6-8 weeks, some resistance to everything, usually use fenbendazole
strongyles (strongylus vulgaris and cyathostomes)
large causes thromboembolic colic, ivermectin effective, small encysted ones have some resistance to all (use moxidectin), use to determine shedding status
tapeworms (anoplocephala perfoliata)
doesn’t show up in fecal, usually present in the cecum, pyrantel effective with double dose, use praziquantel
bots (gasterophilus spp)
doesn’t show up on fecal, limited pathology, stomach
pinworms (oxyuris equi)
notice on tail and anus, doesn’t show up on fecal
difference between low, moderate and high shedders
low: 0-200 epg
moderate: 200-500 epg
high: >500 epg
when should initial vaccination of foals start?
3-6 months of age
