Q2 Quiz #1 Practice Questions Flashcards
Most H2O reabsorption by the kidney occurs in __. Most Na+ reabsorption by the kidney occurs in __.
a. proximal tubule, distal tubule and collecting duct
b. ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule
c. descending loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting duct
d. distal tubule, distal tubule
e. proximal tubule, proximal tubule
e. proximal tubule, proximal tubule
In which of the following section(s) of the nephron is/are Na+ reabsorption accompanied with water reabsorption under normal physiological conditions? SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWER(S)
A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Ascending loop of Henle
E. Distal tubule
A. Proximal tubule
E. Distal tubule
Which of the following treatment plans would lower the blood pressure in patients with hypertension?
A. Activate the receptors of antidiuretic hormone.
B. Activate the angiotensin-converting-enzyme.
C. Take synthetic natriuretic peptide.
D. Increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
C. Take synthetic natriuretic peptide.
If secretion of Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is incomplete in a patient, the plasma clearance rate of PAH would be __ the renal plasma flow (RPF) for the patient.
A. less than
B. greater than
C. the same as
D. PAH is not used to determine RPF
A. less than
Water absorption mainly happens in the __. Fat absorption mainly happens in the __.
A. small intestine, large intestine
B. large intestine, small intestine
C. small intestine, small intestine
D. small intestine, gallbladder
E. stomach, liver
C. small intestine, small intestine
Sympathetic stimulation on the renal afferent artery causes a/an __ of renal blood flow (RBF) and a/an ___ of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
A. increase, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, increase
D. decrease, decrease
D. decrease, decrease
Omeprazole is used to treat peptic ulcer. The mechanism of Omeprazole is to __ that is expressed by the __.
A. inhibit H-Na- ATPase, chief cells
B. activate H-HCO3- exchanger, chief cells
C. inhibit H-HCO3- exchanger, parietal cells
D. activate H-K-ATPase, chief cells
E. inhibit H-K- ATPase, parietal cells
E. inhibit H-K- ATPase, parietal cells
Secretion in the stomach can be increased by __. SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWER(S).
A. norepinephrine
B. enterogastric reflex
C. secretin
D. acetylcholine
E. gastrin
D. acetylcholine
E. gastrin
Fructose is a __. It is produced from __ by enzymes found on the brush border of the small intestine.
A. monosaccharide, lactose
B. monosaccharide, sucrose
C. disaccharide, maltose
D. disaccharide, starch
E. monosaccharide, maltose
B. monosaccharide, sucrose
Taking iron supplement with orange juice will __ iron absorption, because orange juice will __ ferrous iron (Fe+ +) amount by reducing ferric iron (Fe+++).
A. increase, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, decrease
D. decrease, increase
A. increase, increase
Which of the following substances is secreted by the stomach?
A. Histamine
B. Cholecystokinin
C. Secretin
D. Enterokinase
A. Histamine
Your patient received a partial gastrectomy (partial removal of the stomach) three months ago due to stomach cancer. The patient complains of bloating and diarrhea, which results from __ of the small-intestine luminal contents. The condition may also cause peripheral tissue __.
A. hypotonicity, dehydration
B. hypertonicity, dehydration
C. hypertonicity, edema
D. hypotonicity, edema
B. hypertonicity, dehydration
Enterogastric reflex would mainly lead to __ of peristalsis in the duodenum and __ of mass contraction in the large intestine. Answer choices A-F.
A. no change, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, decrease
D. decrease, increase
E. decrease, no change
F. no change, no change
F. no change, no change
Your patient is taking an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The drug reduces the circulating __ level.
A. angiotensinogen
B. angiotensin I
C. angiotensin II
D. Renin
C. angiotensin II
If the patient’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = 125 ml/minute,urine flow rate = 1 ml/minute, the urine concentration of substance X = 15 mg/ml, the plasma concentration of the substance X = 0.2 mg/ml, which of the following statements is the most accurate conclusion?
A. Substance X is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
B. There is net reabsorption of substance X.
C. There is net secretion of substance X.
D. The GFR equals the plasma clearance rate of substance X.
B. There is net reabsorption of substance X.
Your patient is a healthy 20-year-old female who was nervous about the scheduled extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth. Her blood pressure increased from 90/70mmHg to 120/85mmHg right before the procedure. Assuming the glomerular filtration rate stayed constant, what most likely happened in the nephron?
A. constriction of the efferent arteriole
B. constriction of the afferent arteriole
C. dilation of the afferent arteriole
D. relaxation of podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule
B. constriction of the afferent arteriole
The plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the efferent arterioles is __ it in the afferent arterioles.
A. Greater than
B. Less than
C. The same as
A. Greater than
A(An) __ of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would cause the macula densa to release vasodilator __.
A. Increase, nitric oxide
B. Decrease, adenosine
C. Decrease, nitric oxide
D. Increase, adenosine
C. Decrease, nitric oxide
__ promotes secretion of renin.
A. Increased filtrate flow in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
B. Reduced amount of NaCl in the plasma
C. Increased perfusion pressure in the afferent arteriole
D. Parasympathetic activation
B. Reduced amount of NaCl in the plasma
Which of the following is produced by the kidneys?
A. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Angiotensinogen
C. Natriuretic peptides
D. Renin
E. Aldosterone
D. Renin
“Dumping syndrome” results from a defect in closure of the pyloric sphincter, causing excessive chyme to be “dumped” into the small intestine from the stomach. This condition may cause peripheral tissue __ resulting from __ of the small-intestine luminal contents.
A. dehydration, hypotonicity
B. dehydration, hypertonicity
C. edema, hypertonicity
D. edema, hypotonicity
E. edema, isotonicity
B. dehydration, hypertonicity
An increase of extracellular fluid volume causes ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) secretion to __, and glomerular filtration rate to __.
A. increase, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, increase
D. decrease, decrease
E. no change, increase
A. increase, increase
Resection (removal) of the end ileum will mainly lead to malabsorption of __.
A. bile salts
B. fatty acids
C. vitamin D
D. H2O
A. bile salts
Pick the FALSE statement about normal human gastric juice.
A. It is rich in HCl.
B. It contains pepsin.
C. The secretion is under neural, hormonal and local control.
D. The secretion is accelerated by secretin.
E. The secretion is accelerated by histamine.
D. The secretion is accelerated by secretin.
Amino acids enter into the lumen of the nephron tubules mainly through __. They are normally not found in the urine, because most amino acids are reabsorbed at the __.
A. glomerular filtration, distal and collecting tubules
B. tubular secretion, distal and collecting tubules
C. glomerular filtration, proximal tubule
D. tubular secretion, proximal tubule
C. glomerular filtration, proximal tubule
In the GI tract lumen, the pH is highest in the __, and lowest in the __.
A. stomach, small intestine
B. large intestine, stomach
C. small intestine, large intestine
D. small intestine, stomach
E. large intestine, small intestine
B. large intestine, stomach
Secretin is mainly released from __ in the digestive system, and could lead to __.
A. duodenum, increased pancreatic aqueous NaHCO3 secretion
B. parietal cells, increased pancreatic digestive enzymes secretion
C. chief cells, increased bile secretion from the liver
D. ECL cells, reduced gastric acid secretion
A. duodenum, increased pancreatic aqueous NaHCO3 secretion
Which of the following medications could be used to treat peptic ulcer?
A. H-K- ATPase inhibitor
B. H-HCO3- exchanger activator
C. H-HCO3- exchanger inhibitor
D. H-K-ATPase activator
A. H-K- ATPase inhibitor
Galactose is a __. It is produced from __ by enzymes found on the brush border of the small intestine.
A. monosaccharide, lactose
B. monosaccharide, sucrose
C. disaccharide, maltose
D. disaccharide, starch
E. monosaccharide, maltose
A. monosaccharide, lactose
Which of the following substances stimulate the secretion of parietal cells? (SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWERS.)
A. CCK (cholecystokinin)
B. Acetylcholine
C. Gastrin
D. Somatostatin
E. Histamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Gastrin
E. Histamine
Urea reabsorption in the proximal tubule is __.
A. passive diffusion subsequent of Na+ reabsorption
B. passive diffusion through Na+-Urea symporter
C. active transportation through Na+-Urea symporter
D. active transportation through K+-Urea antiporter
A. passive diffusion subsequent of Na+ reabsorption
Statement one: The descending limb of the long loop of Henle is permeable to water. Statement two: The ascending limb of the long loop of Henle is impermeable to Na+. Statement one is __. Statement two is __.
A. True, true
B. True, false
C. False, false
D. False, true
B. True, false
Contraction of the podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule would lead to __ of filtration coefficient, and __ of glomerular filtration rate.
A. decrease, decrease
B. increase, decrease
C. increase, increase
D. decrease, increase
A. decrease, decrease
Brain tumors can lead to abnormally high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Such patients would be expected to have __.
A. low serum Na+ due to the effect of ADH-induced water retention.
B. low serum Na+ due to a direct inhibitory effect of ADH on distal tubular Na+ reabsorption.
C. high serum Na+ due to the direct stimulatory effect of ADH on distal tubular Na+ reabsorption.
D. high serum Na+ due to the concentrating effect of ADH-induced water excretion in the collecting ducts.
A. low serum Na+ due to the effect of ADH-induced water retention.
The plasma clearance rate of __ is smaller than the glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults.
A. H+
B. para-aminohippuric acid
C. Glucose
D. Insulin
C. Glucose
A young man was in a motorcycle accident and has been bleeding. As his blood pressure drops, there will be __ of the renal afferent arterioles of the patient through activation of __ receptor.
A. vasodilation, cholinergic
B. vasoconstriction, alpha1 adrenergic
C. vasoconstriction, beta2 adrenergic
D. vasodilation, alpha1 adrenergic
B. vasoconstriction, alpha1 adrenergic
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is generally used to determine the renal plasma flow (RPF), because PAH is __ and __.
A. freely filtered, completely reabsorbed
B. freely filtered, completely secreted
C. completely reabsorbed, completely secreted
D. partially filtered, partially secreted
E. partially secreted and partially reabsorbed
B. freely filtered, completely secreted
One of your patients is taking an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. ACE inhibitor would __ Na+ reabsorption and __ Na+ excretion.
A. increase, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, decrease
D. decrease, increase
E. increase, have no effect on
D. decrease, increase
Secretion of aldosterone leads to __ excretion of K+ and __ excretion of Na+ in the nephrons.
A. decreased, increased
B. increased, increased
C. decreased, decreased
D. increased, decreased
E. increased, no change of
D. increased, decreased
Which of the following receptors play a critical role in the initiation of swallowing reflex?
A. pressure receptors of the pharynx
B. nociceptors of the oral mucosa
C. pressure receptors of the periodontal ligament
D. muscle spindles of the masseter muscle
E. nociceptors of the temporomandibular joint
A. pressure receptors of the pharynx
Which of the following is true about the regulation of sodium reabsorption in nephrons?
A. Macula densa cells secrete renin when plasma sodium is low.
B. Renin is activated by the enzyme found on the endothelium of the pulmonary blood vessels.
C. The reabsorption of Na+ at the proximal tubule is mainly regulated by aldosterone.
D. Na+ is mainly reabsorbed at the proximal tubules.
D. Na+ is mainly reabsorbed at the proximal tubules.
Which of the following substances is secreted by the stomach?
A. Histamine
B. Cholecystokinin
C. Secretin
D. Enterokinase
A. Histamine
Which of the following substances stimulates the secretion of chief cells? (SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWERS.)
A. CCK (cholecystokinin)
B. Acetylcholine
C. Gastrin
D. Somatostatin
E. Secretin
B. Acetylcholine
C. Gastrin
Galactose is a __. It is produced from __ by enzymes found on the brush border of the small intestine.
A. monosaccharide, lactose
B. monosaccharide, sucrose
C. disaccharide, maltose
D. disaccharide, starch
E. monosaccharide, maltose
A. monosaccharide, lactose
Which of the following substances is mainly absorbed at the terminal ileum?
A. Triglyceride
B. Leucine
C. Fructose
D. Vitamin C
E. Bile salts
E. Bile salts
SGLT is a monosaccharides transporter found on the brush border of the intestine. It is a __ which transports __ the epithelia.
A. symporter; H+ and glucose together into
B. antiporter; Na+ out and glucose into
C. symporter; Na+ and glucose together into
D. antiporter; Na+ out and galactose into
C. symporter; Na+ and glucose together into
Motility in the large intestine can be increased by __.
A. norepinephrine
B. enterogastric reflex
C. duodenocolic reflex
D. contraction of the external anal sphincter
C. duodenocolic reflex
Your patient is taking a medication that inhibits renin. The level of which of the following substance(s) will reduce subsequently? SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWER(s)
A. Angiotensinogen
B. Angiotensin I
C. Angiotensin II
B. Angiotensin I
C. Angiotensin II
Your patient received a surgery to remove about half of the small intestine. The procedure will lead to malabsorption of ___. SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWER(s).
A. vitamin C
B. carbohydrates
C. fatty acids
D. vitamin D
A. vitamin C
B. carbohydrates
C. fatty acids
D. vitamin D
Which of the following is true about the regulation of sodium reabsorption in nephrons?
A. Macula densa cells secrete renin when plasma sodium is low
B. Renin is activated by the enzyme found on the endothelium of the pulmonary blood vessels.
C. The reabsorption of Na+ at the proximal tubule is mainly regulated by aldosterone.
D. The mechanism of Na+ reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the same as in the collecting duct.
E. Na+ is mainly reabsorbed at the proximal tubules.
E. Na+ is mainly reabsorbed at the proximal tubules.
If the secretion of a substance increases in the nephron, its excretion in the urine will __. If the reabsorption of a substance increases in the nephron, its excretion in the urine will __.
A. increase; increase
B. increase; decrease
C. decrease; increase
D. decrease; decrease
E. increase; not change
B. increase; decrease
Water is mainly reabsorbed in the __ of the nephron.
A. Bowman’s capsule
B. proximal tubule
C. loop of Henle
D. distal tubule
E. collecting duct
B. proximal tubule
Consider glomerular filtration (GF), tubular reabsorption (TR), tubular secretion (TS), and urine excretion (UE). Which would NOT apply to amino acid when its plasma concentration is above renal threshold?
A. GF
B. TR
C. TS
D. UE
C. TS
Statement one: Hemoglobin is generally filtered through the glomerular capillaries. Statement two: Proteins that escape the glomerular capillaries are mostly reabsorbed through endocytosis in the proximal tubules. Statement one is __. Statement two is __.
A. true; false
B. false; false
C. true; true
D. false; true
D. false; true
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is generally used to determine the renal plasma flow (RPF), because PAH is __.
A. freely filtered and completely reabsorbed
B. freely filtered and completely secreted
C. partially filtered and completely reabsorbed
D. partially filtered and partially secreted
E. partially filtered and partially reabsorbed
B. freely filtered and completely secreted
Statement one: Vasopressin is mainly generated by the liver. Statement two: Vasopressin promotes insertion of Na leak channels on the membrane of the proximal tubules. Statement one is __. Statement two is __.
A. true; true
B. true; false
C. false; false
D. false; true
C. false; false
If the patient’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = 125 ml/minute, urine flow rate = 1 ml/minute, the urine concentration of substance X = 15 mg/ml, the plasma concentration of the substance X = 0.2 mg/ml, which of the following statements is the most accurate conclusion?
A. Substance X is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
B. There is a net reabsorption of substance X.
C. There is a net secretion of substance X.
D. The GFR equals the plasma clearance rate of substance X.
B. There is a net reabsorption of substance X.
The function of natriuretic peptides is to __ Na+ filtration, __ Na+ reabsorption, __ Na+ excretion.
A. increase; increase; increase
B. decrease; increase; decrease
C. decrease; decrease; increase
D. increase; decrease; increase
E. increase; increase; decrease
D. increase; decrease; increase
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to __, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to ___ .
A. water; Na+
B. water; K+
C. Na+; K+
D. Na+; water
D. Na+; water
Excessive water in the body would cause which of the following physiologic changes?
A. Decreased glomerular filtration rate.
B. Decreased permeability of H2O in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting duct.
C. Increased vasopressin secretion.
D. Increased permeability of H2O in the proximal tubule.
E. Increased urine osmolarity
B. Decreased permeability of H2O in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting duct.
In the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, an increased absorption of Na+ from the principal cells would be accompanied by __ excretion of K+, and __ excretion of Na+.
A. decreased, increased
B. increased, increased
C. decreased, decreased
D. increased, decreased
E. no change in, no change in
D. increased, decreased
Your patient has nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) for 3 months. The glomerular filtration rate of the patients most likely __, due to __.
A. decreases, increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
B. decreases, increased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
C. increases, increased plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
D. increases, reduced glomerular capillary blood pressure
A. decreases, increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
Substance X is freely filtered through the glomerulus capillaries and is completely reabsorbed under normal conditions. When the tubular maximum is reached, the filtration load of substance X is 125 mg/min. The GFR of the patient is 100ml/min. The value of the renal threshold of substance X for the patient is __.
A. 125 mg/ml
B. 0.8 mg/ml
C. 1.25 mg/ml
D. 12500 mg/ml
E. 100 mg/ml
C. 1.25 mg/ml
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is generally used to determine the __, because PAH is __.
A. renal plasma flow (RPF); freely filtered and completely secreted
B. glomerular filtration rate (GFR); freely filtered and partially reabsorbed
C. renal plasma flow (RPF);neither reabsorbed nor secreted
D. glomerular filtration rate (GFR);neither reabsorbed nor secreted
A. renal plasma flow (RPF); freely filtered and completely secreted
Somatostatin is mainly secreted from __ cells, and __ gastric secretion.
A. G; increases
B. ECL; decreases
C. D; decreases
D. chief; increases
E. parietal; increases
C. D; decreases
Hypernatremia would mainly lead to __.
A. increased Na+ excretion in the urine
B. increased release of aldosterone
C. increased angiotensin II level
D. decreased parasympathetic activation on the kidneys
A. increased Na+ excretion in the urine
The defecation reflex leads to __ of the internal anal sphincter and __ of/on the external anal sphincter. (Answer Choices A-F)
A. contraction; contraction
B. relaxation; relaxation
C. contraction; relaxation
D. relaxation; relaxation
E. contraction; no effect
F. relaxation; no effect
F. relaxation; no effect
Contraction of the podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule would lead to __ of filtration coefficient, and __ of glomerular filtration rate. (Answer choices A-F)
A. decrease, decrease
B. increase, decrease
C. increase, increase
D. decrease, increase
E. decrease, no change
F. increase, no change
A. decrease, decrease
The plasma clearance rate of __ is smaller than that of __ in healthy adults.
A. H+; glucose
B. para-aminohippuric acid; inulin
C. glucose; H+
D. inulin; urea
C. glucose; H+
Your patient is a healthy 20-year-old female who was nervous about the scheduled extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth. Her blood pressure increased from 90/70mmHg to 110/85mmHg right before the procedure. Assuming the glomerular filtration rate was constant, what most likely happened in the nephron to prevent an increase in the pressure in the glomerular capillaries?
A. constriction of the efferent arteriole
B. constriction of the afferent arteriole
C. dilation of the afferent arteriole
D. relaxation of podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule
B. constriction of the afferent arteriole
One of your patients is taking a renin inhibitor. Inhibiting renin would __ Na+ reabsorption and __ Na+ excretion.
A. increase, increase
B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, decrease
D. decrease, increase
E. increase, have no effect on
D. decrease, increase
Statement one: The enteric nervous system is innervated by the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers only. Statement two: Parasympathetic activation increases the secretion of pancreatic aqueous solution. Statement one is __. Statement two is __.
A. true, true
B. true, false
C. false, true
D. false, false
C. false, true
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the regulation of H2O in the kidneys?
A. The kidney medullary interstitial osmotic gradient is important to determine the volume of H2O excretion.
B. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the granular cells in response to a decrease in the osmolarity of the blood.
C. The permeability of H2O at principal cells of the distal tubule and collecting ducts is regulated by vasopressin.
D. A person can produce urine with an osmolarity greater than 300 mOsmol/L.
B. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the granular cells in response to a decrease in the osmolarity of the blood.
Rhythmic cycles of contraction of digestive smooth muscles are caused by __.
A. spontaneously depolarization of the pacemaker cells in the digestive tract
B. activation from special motor neurons in the central nervous system
C. rhythmic signals from the sympathetic nervous system
D. rhythmic signals from the enterogastrones
A. spontaneously depolarization of the pacemaker cells in the digestive tract
Renal afferent arteriole smooth muscle relaxes in response to __.
A. adenosine
B. vasopressin
C. angiotensin II
D. epinephrine
E. nitric oxide
E. nitric oxide
What is the main mechanism by which amino acids are absorbed at the brush border of the small intestine?
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. secondary active transport
D. primary active transport
E. endocytosis
C. secondary active transport
Which of the following increases gastric motility?
A. norepinephrine
B. enterogastric reflex
C. gastrocolic reflex
D. acetylcholine
D. acetylcholine
Natriuretic peptides lead to __ Na+ excretion and __ H2O excretion in the urine.
A. increased; increased
B. decreased; increased
C. decreased; decreased
D. increased; decreased
A. increased; increased
Omeprazole is a medication to treat peptic ulcer. The mechanism of action of this drug is most likely to __ that is expressed by __.
A. inhibit H-Na- ATPase, chief cells
B. activate H-HCO3- exchanger, chief cells
C. inhibit H-HCO3- exchanger, parietal cells
D. activate H-K-ATPase, chief cells
E. inhibit H-K- ATPase, parietal cells
E. inhibit H-K- ATPase, parietal cells
Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of __ at the __.
A. triglycerides, duodenum
B. vitamin B12, ileum
C. iron, colon
D. ferritin, ileum
E. calcium, colon
B. vitamin B12, ileum
A young woman was in a car accident and has been bleeding. To compensate for the drop in the blood pressure, __ would be activated to __ the secretion of aldosterone.
A. vasopressin; increase
B. angiotensin II; increase
C. angiotensin I; decrease
D. angiotensinogen; decrease
B. angiotensin II; increase
