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Applied Physiology > Practice Midterm Questions #1 > Flashcards

Practice Midterm Questions #1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Epinephrine is often contained in the dental local anesthesia formulation, because it has ___ effect by acting on ___ receptor. (ANSWER CHOICES A-F)
    A. vasodilating ; nicotinic
    B. vasodilating ; muscarinic
    C. vasodilating ; alpha adrenergic
    D. vasoconstricting ; muscarinic
    E. vasoconstricting ; alpha adrenergic
    F. vasoconstricting ; nicotinic
A

E. vasoconstricting ; alpha adrenergic

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Amygdala
C. Thalamus
D. Spinal cord
E. Hippocampus

A

D. Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the loss of __ generating neurons.
A. acetylcholine
B. dopamine
C. glutamate
D. glycine
E. norepinephrine

A

B. Dopamine

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4
Q

Sympathetic activation leads to vasodilation of blood vessels suppling the skeletal muscles mainly through ___.
A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B. alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
C. beta 1 adrenergic receptor
D. muscarinic receptor
E. beta 2 adrenergic receptor

A

E. beta 2 adrenergic receptor

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5
Q

drug that specifically blocks beta2 adrenergic receptor would lead to ___ of heart rate and ___ of the bronchioles. (ANSWER CHOICES A-F.)
A. increase ; dilation
B. increase ; constriction
C. no change ; dilation
D. decrease ; dilation
E. no change ; constriction
F. decrease ; no change

A

B. no change ; constriction

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6
Q

Which of the following statements about sympathetic neurons is True?
A. The sympathetic postganglionic neurons can be found in the ganglia trunk.
B. They synapse in the terminal ganglia, either next to or within the effector organs.
C. The sympathetic preganglionic fiber originates in the brain or the sacral spinal cord.
D. The sympathetic postganglionic fibers are usually shorter than those of the parasympathetic neurons.

A

A. The sympathetic postganglionic neurons can be found in the ganglia trunk.

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7
Q

Which target tissues is (are) innervated only by the sympathetic neurons? SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWER(S).
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Skeletal muscles
C. Cardiac muscles
D. Most blood vessels

A

A. Adrenal medulla
D. Most blood vessels

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8
Q

Your patient is a 55 year-old woman. She is taking a medication to treat overactive bladder contraction. The medication most likely __.
A. activates the muscarinic receptors
B. blocks the beta-1 adrenergic receptors
C. blocks the muscarinic receptors
D. blocks the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

C. blocks the muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

Statement 1: The cell body of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron is located at the ventral horn of the thoracic and lumbal spinal cord. Statement 2: The cell body of the parampathetic preganglionic neuron is located at the dorsal horn of the sacral spinal cord and the brain. Statement 1 is __. Statement 2 is __.
A. true, false
B. true, true
C. false, true
D. false, false

A

D. false, false

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10
Q

Sympathetic activation leads to vasoconstriction mainly through ___, resulting in elevation of blood pressure.
A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B. alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
C. beta 1 adrenergic receptor
D. muscarinic receptor

A

A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

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11
Q

A 5 year-old boy developed flaccid paralysis in one of the lower limbs after having a cold and fever for over a week. The most likely diagnosis is __.
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Amotrophic lateral sclerosis
D. Poliomyelitis

A

D. Poliomyelitis

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12
Q

Statement 1: Injury of the left occipital lobe near the Broca’s area mainly leads to flaccid paralysis. Statement 2: Injury of the cerebellum mainly leads to impairment of memory. Statement 1 is __. Statement 2 is __.
A. true, true
B. true, false
C. false, true
D. false, false

A

D. false, false

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13
Q

During muscle contraction, moves towards , the length of get shorter, and the length of does not change. Fill the blanks with the following words. Sarcomere; M line; Z disc; I band
A. Answer 1:
B. Answer 2:
C. Answer 3:
D. Answer 4:

A

A. Answer 1: Z-disc
B. Answer 2: M-line
C. Answer 3: Sarcomere
D. Answer 4: I-band

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14
Q

In neuromuscular junction, which results into muscle contraction?
A. Activating nicotinic receptors
B. Activating acetylcholinesterase
C. Decreasing postsynaptic membrane potential
D. Blocking the movement of synaptic vesicles towards the presynaptic membrane

A

A. Activating nicotinic receptors

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15
Q

A patient is taking amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, 5mg/day to control his blood pressure (93/122mmHg). What is the mechanism of amlodipine?
A. Inhibit Ca2+ releasing into sarcoplasm and relax vascular smooth muscles.
B. Inhibit nicotinic receptors and causes muscle relaxation.
C. Inhibit Ca2+ channels which depolarizes muscle cells.
D. Inhibit Ca2+ releasing into sarcoplasm and cause cardiac muscle contraction.

A

A. Inhibit Ca2+ releasing into sarcoplasm and relax vascular smooth muscles.

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15
Q

Which muscle fiber type primarily uses ATPs from glycolysis?
A. Fast glycolytic fiber
B. Slow glycolytic fiber
C. Fast oxidative fiber
D. Slow oxidative fiber

A

A. Fast glycolytic fiber

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16
Q

Lidocaine and pilocaine are two different local anesthesia used by dentists. If both were injected into the same exact site in the same patient, which factors below will determine which local anesthesia will reach the neuron more quickly? (SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWERS.)
A. the concentration of local anesthesia
B. the distance the anesthesia will have to diffuse
C. the surface area of the neuron
D. the lipid solubility of the local anesthesia
E. the molecular weight of the local anesthesia

A

A. the concentration of local anesthesia
D. the lipid solubility of the local anesthesia
E. the molecular weight of the local anesthesia

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17
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase. How would the presence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors affect the activity at the motor end plate?
A. They decrease the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron.
B. They increase the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron.
C. They increase the response of skeletal muscle to the release of acetylcholine.
D. They decrease the response of the skeletal muscle to the release of acetylcholine.

A

C. They increase the response of skeletal muscle to the release of acetylcholine.

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18
Q

An ion is moving from extracellular fluid into intracellular fluid. Which of the following correctly depicts the motion of this molecule?
A. interstitial fluid to lymph
B. plasma to intersitital fluid
C. gingival-cervicular fluid to saliva
D. interstitial fluid to cytosol
E. lymph to plasma

A

D. interstitial fluid to cytosol

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18
Q

What is the underlying cause of hereditary spherocytosis?
A. increase permeability of red blood cell membrane to water
B. inability of cytoskeleton to attach to the red blood cell membrane
C. increase osmolarity of red blood cell cytoplasm
D. decrease osmolarity of red blood cell cytoplasm

A

B. inability of cytoskeleton to attach to the red blood cell membrane

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19
Q
  1. After a 3-month intense training, Tom could lift 50 pounds more than he did before the training. What might be the reason that he could lift heavier weight?
    A. The size of his biceps is bigger which increases the muscle contractile force.
    B. The length of his biceps is shorter which increases the muscle contractile force.
    C. The length of his biceps is longer which increases the muscle contractile force.
    D. The size of his biceps is smaller which increases the muscle contractile force.
A

A. The size of his biceps is bigger which increases the muscle contractile force.

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20
Q

Scientists studying a specific molecule found that the molecule was cell membrane permeable. The net flux of the molecule was concentration gradient dependent and had a maximum flux of 50 molecules per second. What is the best description of how this molecule moves from one side of the cell membrane to the other?
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. primary active transport
D. exocytosis
E. endocytosis

A

B. facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

An excitable cell is at rest under normal cultured conditions. K+ was then added to the extracellular fluid (ECF) until the concentration in the ECF was higher than that of the intracellular fluid (ICF). What would happen to the cell under this scenario?
A. depolarize
B. repolarize
C. hyperpolarize
D. no effect on the cell

A

A. depolarize

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22
Q

The function of myelin sheaths of a motor neuron is significantly impaired. What is NOT a consequence of this impairment?
A. less acetylcholine released into the synapse after stimulation of the motor neuron
B. decreased depolarization in the muscle fiber after stimulation of the motor neuron
C. impaired function of acetylcholinesterase
D. reduced activation of cholinergic receptors on the muscle fiber

A

C. impaired function of acetylcholinesterase

23
Q

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of Na+ is [ ] the permeability at resting potential. The permeability of K+ is [ ] the permeability at resting potential.
A. higher than; higher than
B. lower than; higher than
C. equal to; higher than
D. higher than; equal to
E. lower than; equal to
F. equal to; equal to

A

B. lower than; higher than
C. equal to; higher than

24
Q

What category best describes the pain an individual feels after a dental treatment when the local anesthesia has worn off?
A. clinical (inflammatory)
B. physiological
C. persistent (neuropathic)

A

A. clinical (inflammatory)

25
Q

According to the hydrodynamic mechanism, what is the primary cause of pain from exposed dentin?
A. mechanical
B. chemical
C. temperature

A

A. mechanical

26
Q

What is/are the major neurotransmitter(s) released by nerve terminals at the spinal cord for physiological pain?
A. glutamate
B. substance P
C. Bradykinin
D. glutamate and substance P

A

A. glutamate

27
Q

Where is pain evaluated?
A. nociceptors
B. interneurons
C. substantia gelatinosa
D. thalamus
E. cortex of the brain

A

E. cortex of the brain

27
Q

Statement 1: Nociceptive pathways can be activated without causing pain. Statement 2: Nociceptive pathways must be activated to feel pain. Statement 1 is [ ] and Statement 2 is [ ].
A. true / true
B. true / false
C. false / false
D. false / true

A

A. true / true

28
Q

Which of the following most correctly describes hyperalgesia?
A. A stimulus which previously did not induce pain now induces pain.
B. Pain from a noxious stimulus is numbed with analgesia.
C. Pain sensation without a noxious stimulus.
D. The same noxius stimulus induces more pain sensation during subsequent exposures.

A

D. The same noxius stimulus induces more pain sensation during subsequent exposures.

29
Q

Which type of sensory receptor mediates patient’s chief complaint of sensitivity to cold drink?
A. thermoreceptors
B. chemoreceptors
C. proprioceptors
D. mechanoreceptors

A

A. thermoreceptors

30
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in the position and movement of the jaw during chewing?
A. Exteroceptor
B. Chemoreceptor
C. Nociceptor
D. Mechanoreceptor

A

D. Mechanoreceptor

31
Q

Which of the following medications that the patient is taking would help with reducing blood pressure?
A. alpha 1 adrenergic receptor activator
B. beta 1 adrenergic receptor blocker
C. beta 2 adrenergic receptor blocker
D. alpha 2 adrenergic receptor blocker

A

B. beta 1 adrenergic receptor blocker

32
Q

Which of the following medications is often used during an asthma attack?
A. Activator of adrenergic receptor alpha 1
B. Activator of adrenergic receptor beta 2
C. Inhibitor of adrenergic receptor alpha 2
D. Inhibitor of adrenergic receptor beta 1

A

B. Activator of adrenergic receptor beta 2

33
Q

The labeled line principle refers to the feature that [ ].
A. each sensory neuron has a specific firing frequency which is recognized by the central nervous system as a specific sensation.
B. a specific sensory neuron always terminates at a specific place in the central nervous system.
C. each specific sensory receptor responds only to a specific stimulus.
D. the receptor field of adjacent afferent neurons never overlaps.

A

B. a specific sensory neuron always terminates at a specific place in the central nervous system.

34
Q

Sensory receptor is responsible for [ ].
A. propagating the stimuli to the central nervous system
B. propagating signal from the central nervous system to the effector organs
C. creating an electrical signal related to the stimulus in an all-or-none manner
D. creating an electrical signal related to the stimulus in a graded manner

A

D. creating an electrical signal related to the stimulus in a graded manner

35
Q

Dry mouth is a common side effect for patients taking a medication called atropine. The effect is most likely through the inhibition of [ ] nervous system.
A. sympathetic
B. parasympathetic
C. somatic
D. enteric

A

B. parasympathetic

36
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is mainly responsible for activating the sweat glands?
A. Epinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Dopamine

A

B. Acetylcholine

37
Q

A 68-year-old female patient complains of feeling dizzy and lightheaded when she stands up after a root canal treatment of tooth #2. Which of the following is most likely the cause of her symptoms?
A. orthostatic hypotension
B. hypertension
C. asthma attack
D. heart attack

A

A. orthostatic hypotension

38
Q

Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasodilation mainly through [ ] receptors on the arterioles.
A. alpha 1 adrenergic
B. alpha 2 adrenergic
C. beta1 adrenergic
D. beta2 adrenergic
E. nicotinic
F. muscarinic

A

D. beta2 adrenergic

39
Q

[ ] is/are NOT an effector organ(s) of the parasympathetic nervous system.
A. Adrenal glands
B. Heart
C. Bronchioles
D. Digestive tract

A

A. Adrenal glands

40
Q

Which of the following steps would NOT be recommended when patient’s blood pressure is very high?
A. Continue the teeth extraction as planned.
B. Notify staff and be ready to call emergency medical service if symptoms get worse.
C. Reconfirm that the patient had taken the anti-hypertensive medications in the morning.
D. Continue monitoring vital signs and watch for developing symptoms.

A

A. Continue the teeth extraction as planned.

41
Q

Activation of parasympathetic nervous system would generally [ ] the secretion of gastric acid, and [ ] the secretion from the sweat gland.
A. increase; decrease
B. decrease; increase
C. decrease; decrease
D. increase; not change
E. decrease; not change

A

D. increase; not change

42
Q

Which of the following statements about sympathetic neurons is TRUE?
A. The sympathetic postganglionic neurons can be found in the ganglia trunk.
B. They synapse in the terminal ganglia, either next to or within the effector organs.
C. The sympathetic preganglionic fiber originates in the brain or the sacral spinal cord.
D. The sympathetic postganglionic fibers are usually shorter than those of the parasympathetic neurons.

A

A. The sympathetic postganglionic neurons can be found in the ganglia trunk.

43
Q

[ ] does NOT affect the muscle contractile force.
A. Energy resource of muscle fiber
B. Size of muscle fiber
C. Number of active muscle fiber
D. Velocity of muscle shortening

A

A. Energy resource of muscle fiber

44
Q

At the neuromuscular junction, what causes muscle contraction?
A. Activating nicotinic receptors
B. Activating acetylcholinesterase
C. Decreasing postsynaptic membrane potential
D. Blocking the movement of synaptic vesicles towards the presynaptic membrane.

A

A. Activating nicotinic receptors

45
Q

Crossing-bridge forms between [ ] and [ ].
A. myosin; actin
B. myosin; troponin
C. tropomyosin; actin
D. tropomyosin; troponin

A

A. myosin; actin

46
Q

__________ increases the force of muscle contraction.

A. decreasing the frequency of stimulation
B. recruiting fewer muscle fibers
C. slowly contraction muscles
D. reducing muscle size

A

C. slowly contraction muscles

47
Q

In muscle contraction:

A. Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to tropomyosin
B. One molecule of ATP is used
C. ATP binds to the actin binding site
D. Power stroke pushes the actin filament away from the M-line

A

A. Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to tropomyosin

48
Q

Significantly stronger stimuli (much stronger than normal) are applied on the membrane of a neuron cell body. How would the action potentials generated from the stronger stimuli be different from action potential generated of normal stimuli?

A. the speed of potential propagation along the axon increases
B. the frequency of action potentials increases
C. the action potentials are higher in magnitude
D. the absolute refractory period of these action potentials decreases

A

B. the frequency of action potentials increases

49
Q

When K+ channels are open and the membrane potential equals the resting potential, ______________.

A. the cell is depolarizing towards threshold potential
B. the cell has just reached peak potential and will start to depolarize
C. The cell is repolarizing but has not hyperpolarized
D. the cell has just passed threshold but has not reached peak potential
E. the cell is hyperpolaring

A

C. The cell is repolarizing but has not hyperpolarized

50
Q

____________ is NOT an effector organ of the autonomic nervous system.

A

A. smooth muscle
B. cardiac muscle
C. skeletal muscle
D. Excretory gland

51
Q

A muscarinic receptor specific agonist would lead to ________ of the bronchioles. A beta1 adrenergic receptor specific antagonist would lead to ________ of the bronchiole.

A. constriction | dilation
B. dilation | constriction
C. constriction | no effect
D. no effect | no effect
E. dilation | dilation
F. constriction | constriction

A

C. constriction | no effect

52
Q

Organophosphate insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Patient suffering from organophosphate poisoning would have __________ secretion from the salivary glands, and _________ muscle contraction in the digestive tract.

A. reduced | increased
B. reduced | reduced
C. increased | reduced
D. increased | increased

A

D. increased | increased

53
Q

Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction mainly through ____________ receptors on the arteries.

A. beta 2 adrenergic
B. alpha 2 adrenergic
C. alpha 1 adrenergic
D. beta 1 adrenergic

A

C. alpha 1 adrenergic

54
Q

Placing an object of extremely low temperature on a tooth will stimulated _________ and be classified as __________ pain.

A. mechanoreceptor | fast
B. chemoreceptor | slow
C. thermoreceptor | slow
D. chemoreceptor | fast
E. mechanoreceptor | slow
F. thermoreceptor | fast

A

F. thermoreceptor | fast

55
Q

Which of the following induces wind-up during secondary hyperalgesia?

A. Mg2+
B. tetrodotoxin
C. glutamine
D. substance P
E. glycine

A

Applied Physiology (6 decks)

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