Q2: Lecture 7 Flashcards
3 aspects of input attention and related research
alertness and arousal
reflexive orienting
spotlight attention
attention
a multifaceted and complex subject that we apply to a wide range of phenomena; input attention and controlled attention
cognitive resources
focuses on intelligence, experience, and how they influence how we respond
alertness and arousal
prerequisite states of the nervous system in order that we respond and interact with the environment
Bonebakker (1996)
conducted research that confounds our intuition and common sense about the role of arousal and alertness
word-stem completion task
people are shown the 1st few letters of a word and are asked to name the work that comes to mind
implicit memory
memory w/o conscious recollection
habituation
the gradual reduction of the orienting response
novelty
stimuli that supports reflexive orienting responses
sensitization
occurs when an encounter with a noxious stimulus (ex: bee sting) causes reflexive responses to become more pronounced or exaggerated
Posner, Snyder, & Davidson (1980)
illustrates how deliberate, voluntary, cognitive factors are used to direct mental focusing that prepares one to encode info. (spotlight attention)
visual search
the process of finding a specific target among other visual stimuli
Treisman & Gelade
had subjects search for targets embedded in displays of varying numbers of distractors (non-targets)
disjunctive rule
shortcut people use to choose between multiple options
visual pop-out
when the visual target is easily detectable among a group of similar distractors
conjunctive rule
targets are defined according to combinations of features (color and shape, or shape and size), rather than just a single feature
Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner (2005)
prevalence
the likelihood of detecting a target with a certain frequency
Fleck & Mitroff (2007)
wondered if the results from the Wolfe et al. (2005) study might reflect the
influence of a speed-accuracy trade-off
speed-accuracy trade-off
when people must perform a task repeatedly, they either work slowly to maximize accuracy. or they work quickly and make more frequent errors
van Wert, Horowitz, & Wolfe. (2009)
they found
evidence for a target prevalence effect even when participants were
given the option to make response corrections
Menneer, Cave, & Donnelley (2009)
this study did not make use of miss rates as the data
of interest. Instead, a direct measure of accuracy was employed
– percentage of target detections
attentional blink
occurs when someone is unable to identify a second target that appears shortly after the 1st
Maratos, Mogg, & Bradley (2008)
wondered if the duration of the so-called blink was the same
RSVP procedure
rapid serial visual presentation procedure; involves presenting in series of visual images in rapid succession
inattentional blindness
occurs whenever we fail to
consciously see or detect something to which we are not directing our attention
flicker paradigm
presenting two slightly different pictures in alternating fashion so that the visual
field flickers back and forth between the two images
Simons & Chabris (1999)
found that such instances of inattentional blindness occurred more frequently in the difficult
counting condition - the condition that required especially well-focused attention.
coherence
emphasizes the importance of a sense of coherence for health and well-being
attentional set
the mental strategy that we assume when looking at the world in terms of which
aspects of a scene we judge to be important and which aspects we consider irrelevant to our
purposes
change blindness
occurs when we fail to notice alterations in visual stimuli
and is a specific type of inattentional blindness
