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LL Ox > Q1&2: Biomechanics of the Foot & Ankle > Flashcards

Q1&2: Biomechanics of the Foot & Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

Five Purposes of the Foot

A
  1. Acts as a base of support for upright posture
  2. Provides mechanism of rotation for tib/fib during stance phase
  3. Provides flexibility for shock
  4. Provides flexibility for uneven terrain
  5. Acts as a lever for push off
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2
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Sagittal

A

Dorsi- & Plantar- flexion
(ankle and chopart joints)

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3
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Coronal

A

Inversion & Eversion
(subtalar joint)

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4
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Transverse

A

Ab- & Ad- duction
(oblique midtarsal joint axis)

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5
Q

Triplanar Foot/Ankle Patterns - Pronation

A
  1. Talocrural - Dorsiflexion
  2. Forefoot - Abduction
  3. Subtalar - Eversion
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6
Q

Triplanar Foot/Ankle Patterns - Supination

A
  1. Talocrural - Plantarflexion
  2. Forefoot - Adduction
  3. Subtalar - inversion
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7
Q

Closed Kinetic Chain

A

Foot on ground (stance)

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8
Q

Open Kinetic Chain

A

Foot in air (Swing)

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9
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Tarsus)

A

AKA: rearfoot
Bones: Talus, Calcaneus

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10
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Lesser Tarsus)

A

AKA: midfoot
Bones: Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms

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11
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Metatarsus)

A

AKA: forefoot
Bones: Metatarsals, Digits/Phalanges

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12
Q

Medial Column of the Foot

A

Most effective at attenuating shock (70%)
Talus, Navicular, Cunieforms, 1-3 Metatarsals

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13
Q

Lateral Column of the Foot

A

Rigid; enables propulsion
Calcaneus, Cuboid, 4-5 Metatarsals

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14
Q

Vertical Loading through the Shank

A

Fibula - 17%
Tibia - 83%

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15
Q

Talus

A

Poor blood supply
No muscle attachment; lots of ligaments

Ariculations:
Anteriorly - navicular
Inferiorly - calcaneus

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16
Q

Calcaneus

A

Articulations:
Anterior and Posterior facets - Talus

Mechanical advantage is to plantarflex from tendon insertion

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17
Q

Navicular

A

Distal attachment for tibialis posterior

Clinical Relevance: Feiss line

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18
Q

Cuboid

A

Articulations:
Proximal - calcaneus
Distal - 4/5th metatarsals

Features the cubital notch/peroneal sulcus (pathway for fibularis tendon)

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19
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Motions: Plantar-/Dorsi-flexion
Bones: distal tib/fib and talus

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20
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Motions: Inversion & Eversion
Bones: talus and calcaneus

Important for uneven terrain and shock absorption

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21
Q

Oblique Midtarsal Joint Axis

A

Combo of calcaneo-cuboid and talo-navicular joints
AKA: tranverse tarsal joint; Chopart Joint

22
Q

Locking/Unlocking the Lateral Column

A

Rotary movement between proximal cuboid and distal calcaneus. When hindfoot is inverted and OMJA is inverted, the column is “locked” for propulsion

Opposite is true for shock absorption (“unlocked”)

23
Q

Tarsometatarsal Joint

A

AKA Lis Franc Joint
Gliding Joint
Bones:
Cuboid -> 4/5th MT
Cuneiforms -> Corresponding MT

24
Q

Intermetatarsal Joints

A

Gliding Joint
First ray special test (“Cheesburger Grip”)

25
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Condyloid Joint Movements: Plantar-/Dorsi- flexion; Ab-/Ad- duction (not clinically relevant)
26
Plantarcalcanealnavicular Ligament
"Spring Ligament" Calcaneus to Navicular
27
Short & Long Plantar Ligament
Calcaneus to Cuboid
28
Deltoid Ligament
Medial Malleolus to Tarsal bones; maintains medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversions
29
Plantar Aponeurosis
Medial calcaneus to phalanges
30
Windlass Mechanism
occurs during the pre-swing phase of gait cycle in which the peak tensile strain and force of the plantar aponeurosis is reached. The increased dorsiflexion angle of the 1st MTP joint is the main causing factor
31
Fibularis Longus
Attachment: first met and medial cuneiform Action: Plantarflexes first ray and everts Innervation: superficial fibular nerve Active: Initial contact and swing phase
32
Fibularis brevis
Attachment: fifth met Action: eversion Innervation: superficial fibular nerve Active: Initial contact and swing phase
33
Triceps Surae (Gastroc-, Soleus, Plantaris)
Attachment: Achilles Action: Plantarflexion Innervation: Tibial Nerve Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off
34
Tibialis Posterior
Attachment: Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion Innervation: Tibial Nerve Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off; Stance (inversion)
35
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Attachment: 2-5 Phalanges Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion Innervation: Tibial Nerve Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off; Stance (inversion)
36
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Attachment: 1st phalanx of great toe Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion Innervation: Tibial Nerve Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off, Stance (inversion)
37
Tibialis Anterior
Attachment: medial cuneiform and first met Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase
38
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Attachment: 2-5 phalanges Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase
39
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Attachment: first phalanx Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase
40
Closed Chain Pronation (Hip)
Flexed, Adducted, Internally Rotated
41
Closed Chain Pronation (Knee)
Flexed, Valgus
42
Closed Chain Pronation (Ankle)
Dorsiflexed, Tibial internal rotation
43
Closed Chain Pronation (Subtalar)
Everted
44
Closed Chain Pronation (Talus)
Plantarflexed, Adducted *Exception to the others* | *
45
Closed Chain Pronation (Oblique Axis)
Dorsiflexed, Abducted
46
Closed Chain Pronation (Longitudinal Axis)
Everted
47
Closed Chain Pronation (Medial Longitudinal Arch)
Depressed
48
Closed Chain Pronation (1st MTP)
Dorsiflexed
49
(True/False) Closed Chain Supination is the exact opposite compared to pronation.
True
50
Subtalar Neutral
The foot position that results in congruence of the subtalar, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid joint at temporal midstance (middle of midstance)
51
Compensation in the forefoot
The foot/ankle changes hindfoot position to bring the 1st/5th met heads to contact the ground when weightbearing

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