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LL Ox > Q1&2: Biomechanics of the Foot & Ankle > Flashcards

Q1&2: Biomechanics of the Foot & Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

Five Purposes of the Foot

A
  1. Acts as a base of support for upright posture
  2. Provides mechanism of rotation for tib/fib during stance phase
  3. Provides flexibility for shock
  4. Provides flexibility for uneven terrain
  5. Acts as a lever for push off
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2
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Sagittal

A

Dorsi- & Plantar- flexion
(ankle and chopart joints)

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3
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Coronal

A

Inversion & Eversion
(subtalar joint)

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4
Q

Primary foot/ankle motion - Transverse

A

Ab- & Ad- duction
(oblique midtarsal joint axis)

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5
Q

Triplanar Foot/Ankle Patterns - Pronation

A
  1. Talocrural - Dorsiflexion
  2. Forefoot - Abduction
  3. Subtalar - Eversion
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6
Q

Triplanar Foot/Ankle Patterns - Supination

A
  1. Talocrural - Plantarflexion
  2. Forefoot - Adduction
  3. Subtalar - inversion
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7
Q

Closed Kinetic Chain

A

Foot on ground (stance)

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8
Q

Open Kinetic Chain

A

Foot in air (Swing)

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9
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Tarsus)

A

AKA: rearfoot
Bones: Talus, Calcaneus

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10
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Lesser Tarsus)

A

AKA: midfoot
Bones: Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms

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11
Q

Bones in Segmental Divisions (Metatarsus)

A

AKA: forefoot
Bones: Metatarsals, Digits/Phalanges

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12
Q

Medial Column of the Foot

A

Most effective at attenuating shock (70%)
Talus, Navicular, Cunieforms, 1-3 Metatarsals

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13
Q

Lateral Column of the Foot

A

Rigid; enables propulsion
Calcaneus, Cuboid, 4-5 Metatarsals

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14
Q

Vertical Loading through the Shank

A

Fibula - 17%
Tibia - 83%

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15
Q

Talus

A

Poor blood supply
No muscle attachment; lots of ligaments

Ariculations:
Anteriorly - navicular
Inferiorly - calcaneus

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16
Q

Calcaneus

A

Articulations:
Anterior and Posterior facets - Talus

Mechanical advantage is to plantarflex from tendon insertion

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17
Q

Navicular

A

Distal attachment for tibialis posterior

Clinical Relevance: Feiss line

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18
Q

Cuboid

A

Articulations:
Proximal - calcaneus
Distal - 4/5th metatarsals

Features the cubital notch/peroneal sulcus (pathway for fibularis tendon)

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19
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Motions: Plantar-/Dorsi-flexion
Bones: distal tib/fib and talus

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20
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Motions: Inversion & Eversion
Bones: talus and calcaneus

Important for uneven terrain and shock absorption

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21
Q

Oblique Midtarsal Joint Axis

A

Combo of calcaneo-cuboid and talo-navicular joints
AKA: tranverse tarsal joint; Chopart Joint

22
Q

Locking/Unlocking the Lateral Column

A

Rotary movement between proximal cuboid and distal calcaneus. When hindfoot is inverted and OMJA is inverted, the column is “locked” for propulsion

Opposite is true for shock absorption (“unlocked”)

23
Q

Tarsometatarsal Joint

A

AKA Lis Franc Joint
Gliding Joint
Bones:
Cuboid -> 4/5th MT
Cuneiforms -> Corresponding MT

24
Q

Intermetatarsal Joints

A

Gliding Joint
First ray special test (“Cheesburger Grip”)

25
Q

Metatarsophalangeal Joints

A

Condyloid Joint
Movements: Plantar-/Dorsi- flexion; Ab-/Ad- duction (not clinically relevant)

26
Q

Plantarcalcanealnavicular
Ligament

A

“Spring Ligament”
Calcaneus to Navicular

27
Q

Short & Long Plantar Ligament

A

Calcaneus to Cuboid

28
Q

Deltoid Ligament

A

Medial Malleolus to Tarsal bones; maintains medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversions

29
Q

Plantar Aponeurosis

A

Medial calcaneus to phalanges

30
Q

Windlass Mechanism

A

occurs during the pre-swing phase of gait cycle in which the peak tensile strain and force of the plantar aponeurosis is reached. The increased dorsiflexion angle of the 1st MTP joint is the main causing factor

31
Q

Fibularis Longus

A

Attachment: first met and medial cuneiform
Action: Plantarflexes first ray and everts
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Active: Initial contact and swing phase

32
Q

Fibularis brevis

A

Attachment: fifth met
Action: eversion
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Active: Initial contact and swing phase

33
Q

Triceps Surae (Gastroc-, Soleus, Plantaris)

A

Attachment: Achilles
Action: Plantarflexion
Innervation: Tibial Nerve
Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off

34
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

Attachment: Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid
Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Tibial Nerve
Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off; Stance (inversion)

35
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus

A

Attachment: 2-5 Phalanges
Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Tibial Nerve
Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off; Stance (inversion)

36
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus

A

Attachment: 1st phalanx of great toe
Action: Plantarflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Tibial Nerve
Active: Initial Contact, Toe Off, Stance (inversion)

37
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Attachment: medial cuneiform and first met
Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve
Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase

38
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus

A

Attachment: 2-5 phalanges
Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve
Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase

39
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

Attachment: first phalanx
Action: Dorsiflexion and Inversion
Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve
Active: Early Stance phase, swing phase

40
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Hip)

A

Flexed, Adducted, Internally Rotated

41
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Knee)

A

Flexed, Valgus

42
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Ankle)

A

Dorsiflexed, Tibial internal rotation

43
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Subtalar)

A

Everted

44
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Talus)

A

Plantarflexed, Adducted
Exception to the others

*

45
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Oblique Axis)

A

Dorsiflexed, Abducted

46
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Longitudinal Axis)

A

Everted

47
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (Medial Longitudinal Arch)

A

Depressed

48
Q

Closed Chain Pronation (1st MTP)

A

Dorsiflexed

49
Q

(True/False) Closed Chain Supination is the exact opposite compared to pronation.

A

True

50
Q

Subtalar Neutral

A

The foot position that results in congruence of the subtalar, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid joint at temporal midstance (middle of midstance)

51
Q

Compensation in the forefoot

A

The foot/ankle changes hindfoot position to bring the 1st/5th met heads to contact the ground when weightbearing

LL Ox (24 decks)

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