Q1 Flashcards by Gabriel Zeigler

Directional Term meaning Top (3)

Superior, Cranial, Cephalic

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Term of Direction that means “bottom” (2)?

Inferior, Caudal

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Anatomical Directional Term which means Front/Back

Anterior - Posterior

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Anatomical Term for toward or away from Midline of Body

Medial - Lateral

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Anatomical terms used when identifying points on the body in relation to each other
Towards Center/Closer or away from center

Proximal - Distal

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Terms used in relation to the inside or outside of the body (5)

Internal / Deep / Profundus - External / Superficial

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Towards the Lungs

Ventral

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Back side or “fin”

Dorsal

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Means “Tail”

Caudal

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Means “nose” or “beak”

Rostral

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Foot and hand terms of direction

Plantar/Volar (foot) / Palmer/Volar (hand) - Dorsum

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Region of Body in reference to the Gastrocnemeus

Sural

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Region of body for the Head

Cephalic or Sephlad

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Region of body for the anterior area of the elbow

Antecubital

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Region of the body in reference to the posterior area of the elbow

Cubital

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Region of the body that references the anterior lower leg

Crural

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Region of the Body that references the posterior of the knee

Popliteal

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Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (2)

Frontal / Coronal

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Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions (2)

Transverse / horizontal

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Plane that divides the body vertically into the right and left sides (3)

Sagittal / Midsagittal / parasagittal

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Plane that passes through the body at an angle

Oblique

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What term refers to movement perpendicular to surrounding plane

Axes

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Axis that deals with flexion and extension

Frontal / Coronal

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Which axis runs perpendicular through the transverse plane

Longitudinal or Vertical Axis

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Which Axis runs perpendicular through the sagital plane?

Transverse Axis

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Which Axis runs perpendicular through the Frontal or Coronal Plane

Sagital Axis

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Body is lying face up

Supine Position

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Body is lying face down

Prone

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View situated toward the head and further from feet, the upper part of a structure

Superior View

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View situated near to the feet, lower part of a structure

Inferior View

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List the three types of functional joints from least movement to most movement.

Synarthosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

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Name the three types of structural joints

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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Term for Fibrous Joints

Synarthrosis

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Four types of Synarthrosis Joints, and where would you find them?

Syndesmosis - space between bones
Suture - Bones close together
Gomphosis - (nail/peg) Teeth
Schindylesis - Nasal septum

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List the 5 types of Suture joints

Serrate (sagittal suture) ex: Parietal bones
Denticular (tooth-like) Ex: occipital
Squamosal (overlap) ex: Temporal
Limbus (serrated and overlap) ex: Frontal bones
Plane (apposition of rough surfaces) ex: zygomatic/Maxilla

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2 types of Cartilaginous joints

Synchondrosis (Hyaline cartilage) - Synarthrosis class that are temporary joints later replaced by bone. Ex: epiphyseal plates

Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous) - amphiarthosis class that persists throughout life. Ex: intervertebral disc

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List the 7 Synovial Joints

Gliding/Plane joints - flat or slightly concave/convex TRANSLOCATION
Ginglymus (hinge) - Flexion/Extension (UNIAXIAL)
Pivot (Trochoid) - Pulley (UNIAXIAL)
Condyloid - Flexion/extension, some rotation (BIAXIAL)
Ellipsoid - Flexion/extension, abduction/addiction, circumduction, NO rotation (BIAXIAL)
Sellar/Saddle - concave/convex, Greater ROM than ellipsoid (thumb) (BIAXIAL)
Spheroid (ball & Socket) - Flexion/extension, abduction/addiction/ circumduction, rotation (MULTIAXIAL)

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Patient has pain on their hip, has trouble sleeping on right side. What is the cause?

Bursa

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What is snapping hip Syndrome?

Tendon of Illiosoaz hits the bursa on the soaz - creates a snapping sound. Will want to check ROM.

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What types of joints are found on the Ribs and Scapula?

Physiological/Functional joint

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Name the movement of the thumb

Flexion
Extension
Opposition (touching the little finger)
Adduction (backwards to line with palm)
Abduction (forward)

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Ankle moves laterally

Eversion

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Ankle moves medially

Inversion

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Jaw moving side to side is an example of what movement

Deviation

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Movement that describes a surface of a cone

Circumduction

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Moves forearm by turning the palm of your hand anteriorly

Supination

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Moves forearm by turning palm of hand posteriorly

Pronation

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List the 7 elevated bony landmarks (apophysis)

Line
Crest

Tubercle
tuberosity
Malleolus
Trochanter

Spine/Spinous

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Depression that means: Small Pit

Fovea

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Large depression or ‘Basin”

Fossa

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Depression which is shaped like a groove

Sulcus

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Indentation at edge of bone

Notch

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Hole through the bone

Foraman

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“Hole with length”

Canal or Meatus

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Three terms that are synonymous for “Opening”

Orifice
Os
Ostium

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Narrow cleft on a bone

Fissure

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Large hole near a bone (2)

Aperture/Hiatus

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Name the four types of articular surfaces

Capitulum (head/Caput)
Condyle
Trochlea
Facet

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What is the forming and dissolving of air bubbles (sound you hear during a subluxation)

Tribonucleation

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Name the 3 types of muscle

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

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4 features of Cardiac Muscle Fiber

Striated
Branched
Involuntary
Uninuclear

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4 Features of Skeletal muscle Fiber

Striated
Fiber
Voluntary
Multinucleated

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4 features of Smooth Muscle Fiber

Non-Striated
Fusiform
Involuntary
Uninuclear

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From Interior/Deep to exterior/superficial, List the structure of skeletal muscles (6)

Sarcomere (Muscle Fiber/cell)
Endomysium
Perimysium (Bundles groups of fibers to form a Fasicle)
Epimysium
Deep (investing) Fascia
Superficial Fascia

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Part of skeletal muscle structure that surrounds individual fibers and allows passage of vessels and nerves

Endomysium

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Bundles groups of 12 or more fibers together to form a fascicle

Perimysium

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Part of skeletal structure: Muscle fascia that holds fascicles together

Epimysium

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Part of Skeletal muscle that is superficial to Epimysium with dense connective tissue around vessels, muscles, bones, cartiledge… contains myofibroblasts

Deep (investing) fascia

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Part of skeletal muscle structure that contains fat

Superficial Fascia

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Attaches to periosteum

Tendon

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“Flat sheet” that attaches to the periosteum, bone and Fascia

Aponeurosis

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Point at which muscle attaches to another muscle

Raphe

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Muscle shape of Biceps Brachii

Fusiform

Muscle shape of the rectus abdominis

Parallel

Muscle shape of the pectoralis Major

Convergent

Shape of the muscle of palmer interosseous

Unipennate

Muscle shape of the rectus femoris

Bipennate

Muscle shape of the Deltoid

Multipennate

Muscle shape of the orbicularis oculi

Circular/Sphincteral

The 7 shapes/architectures of Muscles

Fusiform
Parallel
Convergent
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Circular/Spincteral

Fixed, proximal attachment point of muscle

Origin

Mobile, distal attachment point of a muscle

Insertion

Term that refers to the movement of the insertion point closer to the origin point.

Action

How many bones are in the skeletal System?

206

How many and what bones are found in the Axial Skeleton

80 Bones
Skull, hyoid, veribrae, coccyx, Ribs, sternum

number of bones in Appendicular skeleton

126

What is “Spongy Bone” Called? (2)

Trabecular Bone, Cancellous Bone

Components of the long bone

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Metaphysis

What is the epiphysis?

Distal ends of long bones (Tib/fib, femur)

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of the bone

What is Metaphysis?

-Epipheseal Growth Plate
-Just Anterior to Epiphysis

Example of a gliding joint

Vertebral column

Example of a hinge joint

Knee

Example of a pivot joint

Radioulnar

Example of a condyloid joint

Metacarpal phalageal

Example of an ellipsoid joint

Radiocarpals

Example of a sellar/saddle?

Thumb

Types of Suture Joints

Serrate, Dentricular, Squamosal, Limbus, Plane’

“Sure Does Smell Like Pie”

Characteristics/Location of a Serrate joint

-Like a serrated knife, Parietal

Characteristics/Location of a Dentricular joint

-Tooth-Like, Parietal-Occipital

Characteristics/Location of a squamasal joint

Two flat, temporal-parietal

Characteristics/Location of a Limbus Joint

-serrated/over, parietal-frontal

Characteristics/Location of a Plane Joint

Apposition of rough surfaces, maxilla-zygomatic

Types of Fibrous Joints

Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis, Schindylesis

Examples of Syndesmosis Joint

Distal tibiofibular joint

Examples of Gomphosis Joint

Tooth

Examples of Schindylesis Joint

Vomer-Sphenoid (Nasal Septum)

The biceps brachii is an example of which muscle structure?

Fusiform

Palmar interosseus is an example of which type of muscle structure?

Unipennate

The deltoid is an example of which type of muscle structure?

Multipennate

Orbicularis oculi is an example of which muscle structure? (2)

Sphinctoral or Circular

Rectus femoris is an example of which muscle structure?

Bipennate

Pectoralis major is an example of which muscle structure?

Convergent

Rectus abdominis is an example of what type of muscle structure?

Parallel

Example of a Synarthrosis joint

Distal tibiofibular joint

Example of a fibrous joint

Parietal, frontal bones

Example of a gliding joint

Vertebral column

Example of a hinge joint

Knee

Example of a pivot joint

Radioulnar

Example of a condyloid joint

Metacarpal phalangeal

Example of an ellipsoid joint

Radiocarpals

Examples of sellar/saddler joints

Thumb

Examples of a spheroid joint

Glenohumeral

Characteristics of Gliding/Plane Joints

Surfaces that are mostly flat but can be slightly concave or convex

Characteristics of a hinge joint

Mostly concerned with flexion/extension

Characteristics of a pivot joint

“Pulley like”, focussed on movement around the longitudinal axis

Characteristics of a condyloid joint

Convex and concave surfaces, Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and some rotation

Characteristics of an ellipsoid joint

Similar to a condyloid joint, does allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, Circumduction but NO rotation

Characteristics of a sellar/saddle joint

Concave/convex saddle, but more ROM than ellipsoid

Characteristics of a Spheroid (Ball and Socket Joint)

*Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, Circumduction and rotation

The Shoulder is _______________ to the elbow. The thumb is _____________ to digit 3.

Proximal
Lateral

Describing regions of the body, the posterior knee is the ______________ region.

Popliteal

A _______________ plane through the nose, spinous processes of vertebrae, and public symphysis would divide the body into left and right portions.

Sagittal

While stepping onto ones tip toes, the ankle joint undergoes what action?

Plantar Flexion

Straightening the elbow, or _____________ (joint action) results in rotation AROUND which axis? _______________

Extension
Frontal/Transverse axis

The radiocarpal joint is classified as which type of synovial joint? ______________?

Biaxial Elipsoid joint

During plantar flexion, the calf muscles contract resulting in the immobile attachment (on femur or tibia), also called the ___________ staying stationary while the mobile attachment, or the ____________ gets closer to the fixed attachment

Origin, Insertion

The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of functional joint?

Diarthrosis

The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?

Multiaxial spheroid Joint

Spreading the toes apart then bringing them back together are examples of which actions? (2) __________________

Abduction and Adduction

Another term for external rotation? ______________

Lateral Rotation

During a flight-flight-or freeze (sympathetic) response, these cells within the deep fascia (of the epimysium) contact and act for of like compression pants or sleeves thus increasing the contractile efficiency of muscle contraction.

Myofibroblasts

A small pit, like the one on the proximal femur that is an attachment point of a ligament involved in maintaining the connection between the femur and the acetabulum _____________.

Fovea

A small, knuckle-like articulate surface _____________.

Condyle

A smooth, flat articulate surface ______________.

Facet

The medial, weight bearing bone of the leg.

Tibia

The number of bones in the left ankle, foot, toes…

Think about extending your knee. That whole muscle is surrounded by an outermost connective tissue called __1__ . Those quadriceps muscles are bundled into fascicles that around surrounded by __2__. Each one of those muscle fibers is surrounded by a layer of __3__

Epimysium, 2. Perimysium, 3. Endomysium

A synarthrosis joint with considerable space between the bones that allows for very little movement and often unioned by an interosseous membrane. __________________

Syndesmosis

The names of the 3 bones that fuse to form the os coxa: __1__ (type all 3 names in this one blank) 1/1

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Bones like the patella that form within a tendon or ligament are called __1__ bones 1/1

Sesamoid

The vomer articulates with the sphenoid bone via a ridged groove fibrous joint. Name that type of Fibrous joint.

Schindylesis

In long bones, elongation occurs here:

Epiphysial Plate / Metaphysis

Long bones elongate at the epiphyseal plate within the __1__ of a bone where cartilage is ossified into bone in a process called __2__. The ends of long bones are __3__ and the shaft of a long bone is called the __4__

Metaphysis, ossification, epiphysis, diaphysis

A ginglymus joint would be found in which of the following locations?
- glenohumeral articulation
- Tibiotalar articulation
- Distal tibiofibular articulation
- Femoroacetabular articulation.

Tibiotalar articulation

The outermost portion of bone made of tightly packed, closely oriented osteons is called __1__ bone. Spongy bone (I hate that term), is also called __2__ bone with branches called ___3___ leaving a lumen that can be filled
with red or yellow ___4

Cortical/Compact, Cancellous, Trabercula, Bone Marrow

Fibrocartilagenous structure that partly divides a joint cavity.

Meniscus

A uniaxial joint that allows for rotation around a longitudinal axis __1__

Pivot

Uniaxial joint that allows for rotation around a longitudinal axix _________________

Pivot/Trochoid

The hyaline cartilage structure that increases the depth of the socket of a ball and socket joint is called a __1__

Labrum

Flat bones like the ribs, sternum, skull bones and sesamoid bones, like the ___________ in the knee are formed via ________.

Patella
Intramembraneous ossification

A “complex” joint would be found in which of the following locations?

A: glenohumeral articulation B: tibiotalar articulation C: femorotibial articulation D: humeroulnar articulation

C. Femorotibial articulation

Articular cartilage is what type of cartilage, exactly? __1__ The joint cavity is filled with ___2____ fluid.

Hyaline, Synovial

A patient presents to your clinic with splintering headaches and difficulty breathing through the nose following a
bar fight two weeks prior. She reports getting punched in the face and points to the bridge of her nose. The nasal septum is made up primarily of the vomer and ethmoid bones. The vomer articulates with the sphenoid bone via a ridged groove fibrous joint. Name that type of fibrous joint __1__

Schindylesis

A Synarthrosis (fibrous) joint with considerable space between the bones that allows for very little movement and often unloned by an interosseus membrane

Syndesmosis

The number of bones (in both) lower extremities __1__ The number of tarsals in each foot __2__

62, 7

the lateral, nonweight-bearing bone of the leg __1_

Fibula

A grooved bony surface, meaning pulley __1__

Trochlea

A small pit, like the one in the head of the femur __1__

Fovea

Large, blunt apophysis on the proximal femur that is an attachment point of muscles involved in running __1__

Trochanter

Another term for internal rotation

Medial rotation

Periosteum in anchored o the bone matrix via these fibrous protiens:

Sharpe’s fibers

Name the three bones that fuse to form the acetabulum:

Pubis, ischium, Ilium

The whole muscle is surrounded by an outermost tissue called:

Epimysium

A patient present with ankle and shoulder pain after trying to reach something high and out of reach on a shelf. The tibiofibular joint is classified as which type of synovial joint? ____1____which type of functional joint? (i.e. “syn-“, “di-“, “amphi-“)__2__ the glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?__3_

Hinge, Diarthrosis, Ball & Socket

Those hamstring muscles are bundled into fascicles that are surrounded by___________. Each one of those muscle fibers is surrounded by a layer of ______________.

Perimysium
Endoymysium

Bending the knee or ___1___ (< this a joint) of the knee, results in rotation AROUND which axis? ___2__

Flexion, Transverse

A ___1___ plane through the L2 vertebrae would divide the body into superior and inferior portions

Transverse

Describing the regions of the body, the posterior leg is the ____1____ region

Sural

The wrist is ____1____ to the elbow. The elbow is ____2____ to the wrist.

Distal, Proximal

During a flight or fight or freeze response, these cells within the deep fascia secrete proteins that contract and act sort of like compression pants or sleeves thus increasing the contractile efficiency of muscle contraction.

Myofibroblasts

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