Q1 Flashcards
Directional Term meaning Top (3)
Superior, Cranial, Cephalic
Term of Direction that means “bottom” (2)?
Inferior, Caudal
Anatomical Directional Term which means Front/Back
Anterior - Posterior
Anatomical Term for toward or away from Midline of Body
Medial - Lateral
Anatomical terms used when identifying points on the body in relation to each other
Towards Center/Closer or away from center
Proximal - Distal
Terms used in relation to the inside or outside of the body (5)
Internal / Deep / Profundus - External / Superficial
Towards the Lungs
Ventral
Back side or “fin”
Dorsal
Means “Tail”
Caudal
Means “nose” or “beak”
Rostral
Foot and hand terms of direction
Plantar/Volar (foot) / Palmer/Volar (hand) - Dorsum
Region of Body in reference to the Gastrocnemeus
Sural
Region of body for the Head
Cephalic or Sephlad
Region of body for the anterior area of the elbow
Antecubital
Region of the body in reference to the posterior area of the elbow
Cubital
Region of the body that references the anterior lower leg
Crural
Region of the Body that references the posterior of the knee
Popliteal
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (2)
Frontal / Coronal
Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions (2)
Transverse / horizontal
Plane that divides the body vertically into the right and left sides (3)
Sagittal / Midsagittal / parasagittal
Plane that passes through the body at an angle
Oblique
What term refers to movement perpendicular to surrounding plane
Axes
Axis that deals with flexion and extension
Frontal / Coronal
Which axis runs perpendicular through the transverse plane
Longitudinal or Vertical Axis
Which Axis runs perpendicular through the sagital plane?
Transverse Axis
Which Axis runs perpendicular through the Frontal or Coronal Plane
Sagital Axis
Body is lying face up
Supine Position
Body is lying face down
Prone
View situated toward the head and further from feet, the upper part of a structure
Superior View
View situated near to the feet, lower part of a structure
Inferior View
List the three types of functional joints from least movement to most movement.
Synarthosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
Name the three types of structural joints
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Term for Fibrous Joints
Synarthrosis
Four types of Synarthrosis Joints, and where would you find them?
Syndesmosis - space between bones
Suture - Bones close together
Gomphosis - (nail/peg) Teeth
Schindylesis - Nasal septum
List the 5 types of Suture joints
Serrate (sagittal suture) ex: Parietal bones
Denticular (tooth-like) Ex: occipital
Squamosal (overlap) ex: Temporal
Limbus (serrated and overlap) ex: Frontal bones
Plane (apposition of rough surfaces) ex: zygomatic/Maxilla
2 types of Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis (Hyaline cartilage) - Synarthrosis class that are temporary joints later replaced by bone. Ex: epiphyseal plates
Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous) - amphiarthosis class that persists throughout life. Ex: intervertebral disc
List the 7 Synovial Joints
Gliding/Plane joints - flat or slightly concave/convex TRANSLOCATION
Ginglymus (hinge) - Flexion/Extension (UNIAXIAL)
Pivot (Trochoid) - Pulley (UNIAXIAL)
Condyloid - Flexion/extension, some rotation (BIAXIAL)
Ellipsoid - Flexion/extension, abduction/addiction, circumduction, NO rotation (BIAXIAL)
Sellar/Saddle - concave/convex, Greater ROM than ellipsoid (thumb) (BIAXIAL)
Spheroid (ball & Socket) - Flexion/extension, abduction/addiction/ circumduction, rotation (MULTIAXIAL)
Patient has pain on their hip, has trouble sleeping on right side. What is the cause?
Bursa
What is snapping hip Syndrome?
Tendon of Illiosoaz hits the bursa on the soaz - creates a snapping sound. Will want to check ROM.
What types of joints are found on the Ribs and Scapula?
Physiological/Functional joint
Name the movement of the thumb
Flexion
Extension
Opposition (touching the little finger)
Adduction (backwards to line with palm)
Abduction (forward)
Ankle moves laterally
Eversion
Ankle moves medially
Inversion
Jaw moving side to side is an example of what movement
Deviation
Movement that describes a surface of a cone
Circumduction
Moves forearm by turning the palm of your hand anteriorly
Supination
Moves forearm by turning palm of hand posteriorly
Pronation
List the 7 elevated bony landmarks (apophysis)
Line
Crest
Tubercle
tuberosity
Malleolus
Trochanter
Spine/Spinous
Depression that means: Small Pit
Fovea
Large depression or ‘Basin”
Fossa
Depression which is shaped like a groove
Sulcus
Indentation at edge of bone
Notch
Hole through the bone
Foraman
“Hole with length”
Canal or Meatus
Three terms that are synonymous for “Opening”
Orifice
Os
Ostium
Narrow cleft on a bone
Fissure
Large hole near a bone (2)
Aperture/Hiatus
Name the four types of articular surfaces
Capitulum (head/Caput)
Condyle
Trochlea
Facet
What is the forming and dissolving of air bubbles (sound you hear during a subluxation)
Tribonucleation
Name the 3 types of muscle
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
4 features of Cardiac Muscle Fiber
Striated
Branched
Involuntary
Uninuclear
4 Features of Skeletal muscle Fiber
Striated
Fiber
Voluntary
Multinucleated
4 features of Smooth Muscle Fiber
Non-Striated
Fusiform
Involuntary
Uninuclear
From Interior/Deep to exterior/superficial, List the structure of skeletal muscles (6)
Sarcomere (Muscle Fiber/cell)
Endomysium
Perimysium (Bundles groups of fibers to form a Fasicle)
Epimysium
Deep (investing) Fascia
Superficial Fascia
Part of skeletal muscle structure that surrounds individual fibers and allows passage of vessels and nerves
Endomysium
Bundles groups of 12 or more fibers together to form a fascicle
Perimysium
Part of skeletal structure: Muscle fascia that holds fascicles together
Epimysium
Part of Skeletal muscle that is superficial to Epimysium with dense connective tissue around vessels, muscles, bones, cartiledge… contains myofibroblasts
Deep (investing) fascia
Part of skeletal muscle structure that contains fat
Superficial Fascia
Attaches to periosteum
Tendon
“Flat sheet” that attaches to the periosteum, bone and Fascia
Aponeurosis
Point at which muscle attaches to another muscle
Raphe
Muscle shape of Biceps Brachii
Fusiform
Muscle shape of the rectus abdominis
Parallel
Muscle shape of the pectoralis Major
Convergent
Shape of the muscle of palmer interosseous
Unipennate
Muscle shape of the rectus femoris
Bipennate
Muscle shape of the Deltoid
Multipennate
Muscle shape of the orbicularis oculi
Circular/Sphincteral
The 7 shapes/architectures of Muscles
Fusiform
Parallel
Convergent
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Circular/Spincteral
Fixed, proximal attachment point of muscle
Origin
Mobile, distal attachment point of a muscle
Insertion
Term that refers to the movement of the insertion point closer to the origin point.
Action
How many bones are in the skeletal System?
206
How many and what bones are found in the Axial Skeleton
80 Bones
Skull, hyoid, veribrae, coccyx, Ribs, sternum
number of bones in Appendicular skeleton
126
What is “Spongy Bone” Called? (2)
Trabecular Bone, Cancellous Bone
Components of the long bone
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Metaphysis
What is the epiphysis?
Distal ends of long bones (Tib/fib, femur)
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of the bone
What is Metaphysis?
-Epipheseal Growth Plate
-Just Anterior to Epiphysis
Example of a gliding joint
Vertebral column
Example of a hinge joint
Knee
Example of a pivot joint
Radioulnar
Example of a condyloid joint
Metacarpal phalageal
Example of an ellipsoid joint
Radiocarpals
Example of a sellar/saddle?
Thumb
Types of Suture Joints
Serrate, Dentricular, Squamosal, Limbus, Plane’
“Sure Does Smell Like Pie”
Characteristics/Location of a Serrate joint
-Like a serrated knife, Parietal
Characteristics/Location of a Dentricular joint
-Tooth-Like, Parietal-Occipital
Characteristics/Location of a squamasal joint
Two flat, temporal-parietal
Characteristics/Location of a Limbus Joint
-serrated/over, parietal-frontal
Characteristics/Location of a Plane Joint
Apposition of rough surfaces, maxilla-zygomatic
Types of Fibrous Joints
Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis, Schindylesis
Examples of Syndesmosis Joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
Examples of Gomphosis Joint
Tooth
Examples of Schindylesis Joint
Vomer-Sphenoid (Nasal Septum)
The biceps brachii is an example of which muscle structure?
Fusiform
Palmar interosseus is an example of which type of muscle structure?
Unipennate
The deltoid is an example of which type of muscle structure?
Multipennate
Orbicularis oculi is an example of which muscle structure? (2)
Sphinctoral or Circular
Rectus femoris is an example of which muscle structure?
Bipennate
Pectoralis major is an example of which muscle structure?
Convergent
Rectus abdominis is an example of what type of muscle structure?
Parallel
Example of a Synarthrosis joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
Example of a fibrous joint
Parietal, frontal bones
Example of a gliding joint
Vertebral column
Example of a hinge joint
Knee
Example of a pivot joint
Radioulnar
Example of a condyloid joint
Metacarpal phalangeal
Example of an ellipsoid joint
Radiocarpals
Examples of sellar/saddler joints
Thumb
Examples of a spheroid joint
Glenohumeral
Characteristics of Gliding/Plane Joints
Surfaces that are mostly flat but can be slightly concave or convex
Characteristics of a hinge joint
Mostly concerned with flexion/extension
Characteristics of a pivot joint
“Pulley like”, focussed on movement around the longitudinal axis
Characteristics of a condyloid joint
Convex and concave surfaces, Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and some rotation
Characteristics of an ellipsoid joint
Similar to a condyloid joint, does allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, Circumduction but NO rotation
Characteristics of a sellar/saddle joint
Concave/convex saddle, but more ROM than ellipsoid
Characteristics of a Spheroid (Ball and Socket Joint)
*Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, Circumduction and rotation
The Shoulder is _______________ to the elbow. The thumb is _____________ to digit 3.
Proximal
Lateral
Describing regions of the body, the posterior knee is the ______________ region.
Popliteal
A _______________ plane through the nose, spinous processes of vertebrae, and public symphysis would divide the body into left and right portions.
Sagittal
While stepping onto ones tip toes, the ankle joint undergoes what action?
Plantar Flexion
Straightening the elbow, or _____________ (joint action) results in rotation AROUND which axis? _______________
Extension
Frontal/Transverse axis
The radiocarpal joint is classified as which type of synovial joint? ______________?
Biaxial Elipsoid joint
During plantar flexion, the calf muscles contract resulting in the immobile attachment (on femur or tibia), also called the ___________ staying stationary while the mobile attachment, or the ____________ gets closer to the fixed attachment
Origin, Insertion
The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of functional joint?
Diarthrosis
The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?
Multiaxial spheroid Joint
Spreading the toes apart then bringing them back together are examples of which actions? (2) __________________
Abduction and Adduction
Another term for external rotation? ______________
Lateral Rotation
During a flight-flight-or freeze (sympathetic) response, these cells within the deep fascia (of the epimysium) contact and act for of like compression pants or sleeves thus increasing the contractile efficiency of muscle contraction.
Myofibroblasts
A small pit, like the one on the proximal femur that is an attachment point of a ligament involved in maintaining the connection between the femur and the acetabulum _____________.
Fovea
A small, knuckle-like articulate surface _____________.
Condyle
A smooth, flat articulate surface ______________.
Facet
The medial, weight bearing bone of the leg.
Tibia
The number of bones in the left ankle, foot, toes…
26
Think about extending your knee. That whole muscle is surrounded by an outermost connective tissue called __1__ . Those quadriceps muscles are bundled into fascicles that around surrounded by __2__. Each one of those muscle fibers is surrounded by a layer of __3__
- Epimysium, 2. Perimysium, 3. Endomysium
A synarthrosis joint with considerable space between the bones that allows for very little movement and often unioned by an interosseous membrane. __________________
Syndesmosis
The names of the 3 bones that fuse to form the os coxa: __1__ (type all 3 names in this one blank) 1/1
Ilium, ischium, pubis
Bones like the patella that form within a tendon or ligament are called __1__ bones 1/1
Sesamoid
The vomer articulates with the sphenoid bone via a ridged groove fibrous joint. Name that type of Fibrous joint.
Schindylesis
In long bones, elongation occurs here:
Epiphysial Plate / Metaphysis
Long bones elongate at the epiphyseal plate within the __1__ of a bone where cartilage is ossified into bone in a process called __2__. The ends of long bones are __3__ and the shaft of a long bone is called the __4__
Metaphysis, ossification, epiphysis, diaphysis
A ginglymus joint would be found in which of the following locations?
- glenohumeral articulation
- Tibiotalar articulation
- Distal tibiofibular articulation
- Femoroacetabular articulation.
Tibiotalar articulation
The outermost portion of bone made of tightly packed, closely oriented osteons is called __1__ bone. Spongy bone (I hate that term), is also called __2__ bone with branches called ___3___ leaving a lumen that can be filled
with red or yellow ___4
Cortical/Compact, Cancellous, Trabercula, Bone Marrow
Fibrocartilagenous structure that partly divides a joint cavity.
Meniscus
A uniaxial joint that allows for rotation around a longitudinal axis __1__
Pivot
Uniaxial joint that allows for rotation around a longitudinal axix _________________
Pivot/Trochoid
The hyaline cartilage structure that increases the depth of the socket of a ball and socket joint is called a __1__
Labrum
Flat bones like the ribs, sternum, skull bones and sesamoid bones, like the ___________ in the knee are formed via ________.
Patella
Intramembraneous ossification
A “complex” joint would be found in which of the following locations?
A: glenohumeral articulation B: tibiotalar articulation C: femorotibial articulation D: humeroulnar articulation
C. Femorotibial articulation
Articular cartilage is what type of cartilage, exactly? __1__ The joint cavity is filled with ___2____ fluid.
Hyaline, Synovial
A patient presents to your clinic with splintering headaches and difficulty breathing through the nose following a
bar fight two weeks prior. She reports getting punched in the face and points to the bridge of her nose. The nasal septum is made up primarily of the vomer and ethmoid bones. The vomer articulates with the sphenoid bone via a ridged groove fibrous joint. Name that type of fibrous joint __1__
Schindylesis
A Synarthrosis (fibrous) joint with considerable space between the bones that allows for very little movement and often unloned by an interosseus membrane
Syndesmosis
The number of bones (in both) lower extremities __1__ The number of tarsals in each foot __2__
62, 7
the lateral, nonweight-bearing bone of the leg __1_
Fibula
A grooved bony surface, meaning pulley __1__
Trochlea
A small pit, like the one in the head of the femur __1__
Fovea
Large, blunt apophysis on the proximal femur that is an attachment point of muscles involved in running __1__
Trochanter
Another term for internal rotation
Medial rotation
Periosteum in anchored o the bone matrix via these fibrous protiens:
Sharpe’s fibers
Name the three bones that fuse to form the acetabulum:
Pubis, ischium, Ilium
The whole muscle is surrounded by an outermost tissue called:
Epimysium
A patient present with ankle and shoulder pain after trying to reach something high and out of reach on a shelf. The tibiofibular joint is classified as which type of synovial joint? ____1____which type of functional joint? (i.e. “syn-“, “di-“, “amphi-“)__2__ the glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?__3_
Hinge, Diarthrosis, Ball & Socket
Those hamstring muscles are bundled into fascicles that are surrounded by___________. Each one of those muscle fibers is surrounded by a layer of ______________.
Perimysium
Endoymysium
Bending the knee or ___1___ (< this a joint) of the knee, results in rotation AROUND which axis? ___2__
Flexion, Transverse
A ___1___ plane through the L2 vertebrae would divide the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse
Describing the regions of the body, the posterior leg is the ____1____ region
Sural
The wrist is ____1____ to the elbow. The elbow is ____2____ to the wrist.
Distal, Proximal
During a flight or fight or freeze response, these cells within the deep fascia secrete proteins that contract and act sort of like compression pants or sleeves thus increasing the contractile efficiency of muscle contraction.
Myofibroblasts
