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HF&F Exam 2 > Q 6: Pancreas, Liver, & Gallbladder > Flashcards

Q 6: Pancreas, Liver, & Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

most common exocrine

releases products via exocytosis at apical end

ex. salivary glands, pancreas

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2
Q

holocrine glands

A

secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion (bud off)

ex. sebaceous glands

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3
Q

apocrine glands

A

secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids

like merocrine (but packets are released in apocrine)

ex. mammary glands

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4
Q

pancreas exocrine fx

A

acinar cells

releases digestive molecules into duodenum

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5
Q

pancreas endocrine fx

A

islets of langerhans

releases protein and polypeptide hormones

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6
Q

What is a zymogen

A

inactive enzyme precursors

(in acini, inactive in cells and become active once released into the duct. this is due to pH drop once it leaves the cell)

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7
Q

What are the active proteases?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

(trypsinogen is cleaved by enteropeptidases to become trypsin, trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin and also activates elastase)

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8
Q

what induces acinar and centroacinar exocrine activity

A

cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin

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9
Q

What is CCK?

A

cholecystokinin

neuropeptide of the central and enteric nervous system

I cells

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10
Q

what is secretin

A

S cells

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11
Q

what percentage of islet cells are alpha cells?

A

30%

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12
Q

what percentage of islet cells are beta cells?

A

65%

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13
Q

what percentage of islet cells are gamma cells?

what do they secrete?

what is the result of its secretion?

A

4%

somatostatin

inhibits GI & pancreatic endocrine and exo. secretion

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14
Q

What are PP cells?

What percentage of islet cells are PP cells?

what do they secrete/what does that do?

A

islet cells

less than 1%

secrete pancreatic polypeptide–inhibits pancreatic exo. secretion, GI motility, gastric acid secretion

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15
Q

What are the fx’s of the liver?

A

blood resevoir

bile secretion

detoxification

metabolic homeostasis

  • CHO metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • storage
  • serum protein production

clotting factors produced in liver

largest organ in body

highly regenerative

dual blood supply, receives 30% of CO* (70% PV)

*CO = cardiac output
PV = portal vein
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16
Q

hepatocyte fx

A

metabolize CHO, proteins, and lipids

produce bile and cholesterol

detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules

17
Q

kupffer cell fx

A

liver-specific macrophage

removes pathogens and debris from the blood

18
Q

sinusoidal endothelial cells

A

large pores between cells (fenestrae)

no basement membrane

19
Q

major liver cell types

A

1) hepatocyte
2) kupffer cell
3) sinusoidal endothelial cells
4) hepatic stellate cells

20
Q

hepatic stellate cells

A

store lipids and vitamins

involved in repairing liver damage

21
Q

aside from cell types, what is the liver composed of

A

lobules

lobules are hexagonal in structure and are composed of bile canaliculi, kupffer cells, hepatic sinusoids, hepatocytes, and portal triads (bile duct, hepatic PV, hepatic artery)

22
Q

Liver blood filtering

A

PV allows first pass metabolism: liver breaks down and degrades many drugs

liver plays a big role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis (can expand up to 1.3 L of blood)

rapid assessment of dietary products

kupffer cells filter the blood
-clears colon and intestinal bacteria

23
Q

classis hepatic lobule model

A

focuses on drainage into central vein

endocrine focus

portal triads found at each of six corners

24
Q

portal lobule model

A

bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts

exocrine focus

25
Q

hepatic acinus model

A

microvascular liver unit divided into circulatory zones

gradient of hepatocyte oxygenation

hepatic fx’s differ across zones

  • zone 1: periportal zone, oxygen, and nutrient rich
  • zone 2: intermediate zone
  • zone 3: peripheral zone; oxygen poor
26
Q

what hepatic cells are usually damaged first?

A

those found within zone 3 because it’s nutrient and oxygen poor

27
Q

phase I of liver detoxification/hepatocyte xenobiotic elimination

A

drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds/oxidized

28
Q

phase II of liver detoxification/hepatocyte xenobiotic elimination

A

drugs/molecules/phase I metabolites conjugated to hydrophillic molecules

transferases

hydrophobic get dumped into bile

hydrophillic molecules get dumped into vasculature

29
Q

bile

A

bile salts/acids are products of cholesterol metabolism

mixed micelle solution

produced by hepatocytes

transported and stored in the gallbladder

released into the duodenum

alkalinizes intestinal contents

fx’s toxic endogenous waste and xenobiotics

recycled

30
Q

gallbladder stores and secretes bile

A

CCK stimulates bile release

  • contracts gallbladder sm. muscle
  • relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

secretin stimulates HCO3- secretion into the bile

HF&F Exam 2 (15 decks)

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