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HF&F Exam 2 > Biosignaling-German > Flashcards

Biosignaling-German Flashcards

1
Q

What are the requirements for effective signal transduction

A

specificity, amplification, modularity, integration, feedback, fidelity

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2
Q

define specificity

A

receptors/proteins bind specific ligands/substrates

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3
Q

define amplification

A

small signal will lead to large effects

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4
Q

define modularity

A

different components of

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5
Q

define integration

A

all signals in context tell a cell what to do

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6
Q

define feedback

A

tool for which a pathway is turned off or on

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7
Q

fidelity

A

transport of input without losing the signal, maintenance of signals

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8
Q

intracellular signaling

A

within a single cell

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9
Q

intercellular signaling

A

between two or more cells

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10
Q

4 types of intercellular signaling

A

autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine

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11
Q

define autocrine signaling

A

1)shortest distance, immediate signaling, right there, type of intercellular signaling

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12
Q

define synaptic signaling

A

2)short distance, signals sent very small distances (less than a micron, 70-90 nm), type of intercellular signaling

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13
Q

define paracrine signaling

A

3)medium distance, signal released to induce cells in its immediate environment, signals its neighbors, type of intercellular signaling

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14
Q

define endocrine signaling

A

4)long distance signaling, goes into the vasculature, type of intercellular signaling

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15
Q

Four components of signal transduction

A

signal, receptor, transduction pathways, targets

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16
Q

what is the primary excitatory transmitter(?) of the nervous system?

A

glutamate

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17
Q

Types of signals

A

soluble, linked, physical

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18
Q

types of soluble signals

A

proteins & amino acids, lipids & FA’s, Carbohydrates

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19
Q

types of linked signals

A

integrin

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20
Q

types of physical signals

A

mechanical (mechanoreceptors), light (opsin), temperature (TRP Channels)

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21
Q

Name the receptor families

A

1) g-protein coupled, 2) receptor tyrosine kinase, 3) receptor guanylyl cyclase, 4) ligand gated ion channels, 5) adhesion, 6) nuclear, and 7) cytokine

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22
Q

g-protein coupled receptors

A

metabotropic, bind soluble ligands, external ligand (L) binding to receptor (R)

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23
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

metabotropic, bind soluble ligands

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24
Q

receptor guanylyl cyclase

A

metabotropic, bind soluble ligands

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25
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

bind soluble ligands

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26
Q

adhesion receptors

A

metabotropic, ..

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27
Q

nuclear receptors

A

.metabotropic,

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28
Q

cytokine receptors

A

metabotropic

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29
Q

cytokine receptor families

A

interleukin type I, interleukin II, TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor), and Ig families

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30
Q

define Kd

A

the point at which you reach half-maximum of binding,

the amount of ligand concentration you need for half the lingands(?)/binding sites(?) to be bound

31
Q

define the plasma membrane’s active roles in signaling

A

receptor localization, ligand exposure, signaling complex formation, endocytosis

32
Q

define receptor localization in signaling

A

/

33
Q

define ligand exposure in signaling

A

.

34
Q

define signaling complex formation in signaling

A

1)protein scaffolds:, 2)signaling endosomes: protein scaffold internalized within endosome —> creates dramatically smaller volume than whole cell –> dramatically increases ligand binding due to increased concentration (one way cells maintain fidelity)

35
Q

define endocytosis in signaling

A

.

36
Q

types of lipid rafts

A

caveolar and planar, can promote or inhibit signals

37
Q

caveolar lipid rafts

A

envagination, increase liklihood of ligand binding receptor

38
Q

what type of endocytosis does not require a lipid raft?

A

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

39
Q

what types of endocytosis occur in mixed membrane domains?

A

phagocytosis and macropinocytosis

40
Q

what happens to the pH as you move along the endocytic pathway?

A

it decreases

41
Q

define the three way signals are altered by the endocytic pathway

A

signal cessation, signal amplification, and signal initiation

42
Q

define signal cessation

A

signal downregulation,

43
Q

define signal amplication

A

signal maintenance, help maintain signal fidelity,

44
Q

define signal initiation,

A

signal generation, signal doesn’t become active until it reaches the receptor

45
Q

first messenger

A

the initiating ligand [ex. neurotransmitter] that activates its receptor

46
Q

receptor

A

has a signal transducer [ex. metabotropic NT receptor]

47
Q

signal transducer

A

will activate primary effector [ex g-protein] (receptor tyrosine kinases and guanylyl cyclase skip this step/they don’t have a signal transducer)

48
Q

primary effector

A

[ex. adenylyl cyclase]

49
Q

second messenger

A

activated by primary effector, activates secondary effector [ex. cyclic AMP]

50
Q

secondary effector

A

enzyme [ex. protein kinase A]

51
Q

signaling cascade

A

don’t necessarily need to start with secondary effector (can start earlier in signal transduction pathway/skip steps)

52
Q

Through what methods do chemical rxn’s transfer information

A

complex formation or dissociation, structural change, post-translational modifications

53
Q

List the prevalent post-translational modifications

A

phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, oxidation, methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation (change structure to facilitate interaction later down the line)

54
Q

List the common signaling cascades

A

1) Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase [MAPK], 2) Janus Kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription [JAK-STAT], 3) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K], 4) Phospholipase C [PLC]

55
Q

mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling

A

start with activated RAS–>activates MAP kinase kinase kinase–>phoshorylates MAP kinase kinase–>activates MAP kinase

56
Q

JAK-STAT Signaling

A

JAK in pairs–>phosphorylate cytoplasminc receptor tail–>recruits STAT proteins–> (the most direct and fastest signaling pathway for generating…)

57
Q

PI3K Signaling

A

phosphatid….
start to interact with lipids
phosphorylate PIP2–>turns into PIP3–>interact with PDK1 and AKT–>interacts with mTORC1

know that PIP2 and PIP3 activate PDK1 and AKT which interact with

58
Q

Phospholipase C Signaling

A

breaks apart lipids

PIP2–>cleaved to become IP3 and DAG–>IP3 interacts w/ receptors that release 2nd messenger Ca

DAG–>

59
Q

List the targets of cellular signals

A

Nucleus, actin/tubulin/filaments, enzymes, receptors, transporters, ion channels

60
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon nucleus signaling

A

transcription, cell division

61
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon actin/tubulin/filament signaling

A

cell structure and motility

62
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon enzyme signaling

A

intitiate metabolic pathways

63
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon receptor signaling

A

alter signal transduction

64
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon transporter signaling

A

change intracellular environment

65
Q

What change in cellular function occurs upon ion channel signaling

A

change membrane potential

66
Q

relevant signaling pathways

A

1) epinephrine signaling and 2) insulin signaling

67
Q

Epinephrine signaling

A
  • affects vascular tone
  • co-administered with local anethetics
  • g-protein and PLC signaling
68
Q

insuling signaling

A

-

69
Q

epinephrine affecting vascular tone

A 
epinephrine binds B-adrenergic receptor:
-
higher concentrations:
-you get norepinephrine and epinephrine
-
70
Q

at lower concentrations of epinephrine, epinephrine binds to____. What is the physiological effect?

A

will predominantly bind to B-adrenergic receptors

vasodilation

71
Q

at higher concentrations of epinephrine, epinephrine binds to____. What is the physiological effect?

A

will bind more to alpha-adrenergic receptors

vasoconstriction

72
Q

insulin signaling pathway

A

insulin receptor binds insulin –> autophosphorylation of tyr residues –> tyr residues phosphorylate IRS-1 –> its P binds Grb2 –> binds Sos –> binds Ras –> release of GDP from Ras and binding of GTP to Ras –> Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1 [MAPK3] (1st step of MAPK pathway) –> phosphorylates/activates MEK [MAPK2] –> phosphorylates/activates ERK [MAPK] –> ERK enters nucleus and phosphorylates/activates TF’s –> stimulates transcription/translation –> cell division, cell growth, protein production, etc…

73
Q

define the meaning of a low Kd

A

higher affinity for that ligand at that concentration

74
Q

define the meaning of a high Kd

A

lower affinity for that ligand at that concentration

HF&F Exam 2 (15 decks)

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