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HF&F Exam 2 > Q 5: CHO Metabolism: Glucose Regulation & Formation > Flashcards

Q 5: CHO Metabolism: Glucose Regulation & Formation Flashcards

1
Q

What do pancreatic Beta cells produce?

A

insulin

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2
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

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3
Q

What is the metabolic fx of pancreas?

A

release insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones

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4
Q

what is the name for a pancreatic cell?

A

islet cell

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5
Q

what is the name for a liver cell?

A

hepatocyte

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6
Q

what is the name for a muscle cell?

A

skeletal/smooth/cardiac myocytes

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7
Q

what is the name for adipose tissue cell?

A

adipocyte

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8
Q

what is the metabolic fx of the liver?

A

maintains metabolic homeostasis (normalize blood glucose), store glycogen,

synthesize and degrade glycogen, glucose, FA’s, nucleic acids, proteins, and ketone bodies

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9
Q

Generally, what is cellular respiration?

A

Glucose broken down into ATP

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10
Q

What are three fates of glucose 6-phosphate?

A

glycolysis/respiration

pentose phosphate pathway

storage of glycogen (glycogenesis)

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11
Q

What are the catabolic pathways?

A

glycolysis

citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

glycogenolysis

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12
Q

what are the anabolic pathways?

A

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What does lactase do?

A

breaks lactose into galactose and glucose

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14
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

breaks sucrose into fructose and glucose

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15
Q

what does maltase do?

A

breaks maltose into glucose

Amylase breaks starch into maltotriose, maltose, or a-limit dextrin (which become glucose)

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16
Q

What happens to glucose molecules after being broken down by enzymes?

A

transported across the epithelium into blood and transported to the liver

  • -becomes energy source
  • -stored in liver or adipose tissue
  • -glucose transporters move glucose into cells
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17
Q

What benefit does glycogen structure provide over glucose structure in terms of cellular osmolarity?

A

glucose would pull tons of water to it making it hard to store, glycogen on the other hand doesn’t pull much water

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18
Q

What structure does glucose have intracellularly?

A

branched glucose homopolysaccharide, glycogen

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19
Q

Glycogenesis pathway (glucose to glycogen)

A

Glucose –hexokinase–>

glucose 6-phosphate
–phosphoglucomutase–>

glucose 1-phosphate
–UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase–>

uracil diphosphate-glucose
–glycogen synthase–>

glycogen chain
–glycogen branching enzyme–>

glycogen particle

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20
Q

What two enzymes can work bidirectionally in glycogenesis?

A

hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase

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21
Q

On which end are new glucose molecules placed by glycogen synthase?

A

the nonreducing end

22
Q

How many glucose residues does each chain contain in glycogen?

A

12-14

23
Q

What enzyme allows for more storage of glucose in glycogenesis when the glucose residue chain has already reached 12-14 residues?

A

glycogen-branching enzyme

24
Q

Where is the only place where glucose 6-phosphatase is located?

A

in the liver ER

25
Q

what does glucose 6-phosphatase do?

A

it takes glucose 6-phosphate, dephosphorylates it and turns it into glucose

26
Q

1) What is glycogenesis regulated by/what is the rate-limiting step of glycogenesis?
2) What is it regulated by?

A

1)glycogen synthase

2) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and phosphorylase phosphatase 1 (PP1)
- -phosphorylated and inactive
- -dephosphorylated and active

27
Q

What are the two glycogen phosphorylase allosteric forms?

A

b (less active) form

a (more active) form

28
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

creating new glucose

29
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

creating glycogen

30
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

31
Q

What two enzymes dictate whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis is occurring?

A

phospho-fructokinase 1 (glycolysis)

fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (gluconeogenesis)

32
Q

What two enzymes dictate whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis is occurring?

A

phospho-fructokinase 1 (glycolysis)

fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (gluconeogenesis)

33
Q

What inhibits glycolysis?

A

ATP and citrate

34
Q

What inhibits gluconeogenesis?

A

AMP

35
Q

What activates glycolysis?

A

ADP and AMP (energy depletion)

36
Q

What activates gluconeogenesis?

A

energy excess

37
Q

The concentratio/ratio of what controls systemic metabolic fx?

A

intracellular ATP/AMP content

relatively small ATP depletion leads to relatively large AMP increase. AMPK detects this significant ratio change and has widespread affects

38
Q

Generally, how does glucagon regulate blood glucose?

A

glucagon is released to signal the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose

39
Q

Generally, how does insulin regulate blood glucose

A

insulin is released to signal cells to pull glucose out of the blood and store it as glycogen

40
Q

How does the liver regulate blood glucose in the FEEDING state?

What hormone is active?

A

glycogen and FA production

insulin

41
Q

How does the liver regulate blood glucose in the FASTING state?

What hormone is active?

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketone and glucose release

glucagon

42
Q

How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose in the FEEDING state?

A

releases insulin

43
Q

How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose in the FASTING state?

A

releases glucagon

44
Q

How does adipose tissue regulate blood glucose in the FEEDING state?

What hormone is active?

A

lipid storage, glycolysis, and lipid production

insulin

45
Q

How does adipose regulate blood glucose in the FASTING state?

What hormone is active?

A

FA and glycerol release

glucagon

46
Q

How does muscle regulate blood glucose in the FEEDING state?

What hormone is active?

A

glycolysis and glycogen production

insulin

47
Q

How does muscle regulate blood glucose in the FASTING state?

What hormone is active?

A

ketone metabolism, reduced glycolysis

glucagon

48
Q

Insulin and Glucagon effects on the liver

A

Insulin:

  • increased glucose uptake
  • increased glycogenesis
  • increased glycolysis
  • decreased glycogenolysis

Glucagon:

  • decreased glucose uptake
  • decreased glycogenesis
  • increased glycogenolysis
  • increased glucose release
  • increased gluconeogenesis
  • decreased glycolysis
  • increased FA uptake
  • increased B-oxidation
  • increased ketone body production
49
Q

Epinephrine and glucagon

A

Epinephrine and glucagon have similar effects

Glucagon is more specific to the liver only

Epinephrine is for muscles and the liver

50
Q

Insulin and glucagon effects in “non-liver” tissues (musculature and such)

A

Insulin:

  • increased GLUT4 PM (plasma membrane) expression
  • increased cell division (MAPK)
  • decreased/inhibited GSK3 (phosphorylation)
  • increased glycogen synthase activity (in liver but slightly in muscles and other tissues too)
  • increased glycolysis

Glucagon:

  • decreased FA synthesis (blocked production of malonyl-CoA, B-oxidation is occurring)
  • increased FFA from adipose tissue

HF&F Exam 2 (15 decks)

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