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Biology 101 > Pyschology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Pyschology Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

any action that can be directly observed (e.g., walking, talking, crying, or smiling).

A

behavior

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2
Q

a distribution of scores that has two modes.

A

bimodal distribution

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3
Q

an experiment that tests whether a clinical treatment (e.g., a specific form of psychotherapy) is effective.

A

clinical outcome study

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4
Q

a commonly used method for calculating effect size.

A

Cohen’s d

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5
Q

anything that causes confusion in terms of what the results of a study might mean.

A

confound

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6
Q

a variable held constant across all conditions of an experiment so as not to influence its results.

A

control variable

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7
Q

choosing a sample based on convenience

A

convenience sampling

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8
Q

a relationship between two variables.

A

correlation

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9
Q

a measure of how precisely one variable (e.g., X) can be predicted when all that is known is another variable (e.g., X).

A

correlation search

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10
Q

a research design that attempts to determine whether two or more variables are related to each other.

A

correlational research

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11
Q

any aspect of a study that clues participants to how they are expected to think, feel, or behave.

A

demand characteristics

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12
Q

the variable that is measure in an experimental design; hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable.

A

dependent variable

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13
Q

a research design most commonly used in psychology to describe a population of people (or animals depending on the type of research) in terms of a variable.

A

descriptive research

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14
Q

the difference between an individual’s score and the mean

A

deviations

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15
Q

This type of experiment contains two major protections against confounds: (1) a placebo-control experimental condition and (2) procedures that make participants and experimenters “blind” to which experimental condition participants are assigned.

A

double-blind placebo-control experiment

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16
Q

How strongly the experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable in an experiment

A

effect size

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17
Q

How strongly the experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable in an experiment

A

experimental condition

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18
Q

occurs when experimenters’ expectations influence study results

A

experimenter bias

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19
Q

the belief in something regardless of what the objective evidence suggests.

A

faith

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20
Q

a graph showing how many people in a sample reported each possible value of a variable.

A

frequency plot

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21
Q

a factual statement that can be objectively tested.

A

hypothesis

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22
Q

the variable that is manipulated or changed in an experimental design; is hypothesized the change the dependent variable

A

independent variable

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23
Q

changing an independent variable to determine whether doing so causes something to happen to the dependent variable.

A

manipulation

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24
Q

the average score in a set of data

A

mean

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25
Q

mean, median, and mode; measurements that help to describe what is typical.

A

measure of central tendency

26
Q

range and standard deviation; measure how much the scores within a distribution vary from one another

A

central

27
Q

the middle occurring score(s) in a set of data when all scores are placed in order from smallest to greatest.

A

median

28
Q

psychological phenomena that cannot be directly observed (e.g., happiness, sadness, or confusion).

A

mental processes

29
Q

the most commonly occurring score in a data set.

A

mode

30
Q

an analysis that tests how strongly one variable is predicted by two or more other variables simultaneously

A

multiple-regression analysis

31
Q

when one variable decreases as the other variable increases, or conversely, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases.

A

negative correlation

32
Q

when more subjects in a distribution report values above the mean than below it; the “hump” or peak in the distribution is on the right side and the “tail” is pointed toward the left.

A

negatively skewed

33
Q

a distribution of data that is not significantly skewed, where most scores are near the mean of the sample.

A

normal distribution or bell curve

34
Q

description of how a variable will be treated or measured in a study.

A

operational definition

35
Q

a data point (or points) that is much bigger or smaller than the others in a set.

A

outlier

36
Q

not allowing participants to know what experimental condition they are in.

A

participant blinding

37
Q

a number frequently used by psychologists to describe a correlation between two variables; is positive if correlation is positive, and negative if correlation is negative. The strength of the correlation is determined by the size of the number, ignoring the sign.

A

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

38
Q

something given or done to participants that is not expected to affect participants in the same way as the experimental treatment (e.g., a sugar pill versus an experimental depression medication).

A

placebo

39
Q

the common phenomenon where if you think that something will have an effect on you, you actually experience that effect.

A

placebo effect

40
Q

experimental condition in which participants receive a placebo treatment.

A

placebo-control condition

41
Q

when one variable increases as the other variable increases, or conversely, when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases.

A

positive correlation

42
Q

when more subjects in a distribution report values below the mean than above it; the “hump” or peak in the distribution is on the left side and the “tail” is pointed toward the right.

A

positively skewed

43
Q

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

A

Psychology

44
Q

putting participants into experimental groups in a random fashion.

A

Random assignment

45
Q

selecting a sample from a population at random; ensures that everyone in the population has an equal chance of being in the sample, thus making the sample representative of the population.

A

random sampling

46
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a sample of data.

A

Range

47
Q

when one study finds the same or similar results as another previously conducted study.

A

Replicated

48
Q

An empirical way of testing a hypothesis (e.g., descriptive, correlational, and experimental).

A

Research designs

49
Q

a representative portion or slice of a population

A

Sample

50
Q

scatterplot a plot that depicts each data point in terms of its values on two variables (e.g., X and Y). Useful way of depicting a correlation between two variables

A

scatterplot

51
Q

a way of learning about the world by formulating testable ideas and then making objective observations (i.e., collect data) to determine which ideas are tenable.

A

science

52
Q

An experiment that includes only the placebo-control condition and participant blinding; vulnerable to experimenter bias.

A

single - blind placebo - control experiment

53
Q

this describes a correlation that occurs only because both variables are being similarly influenced by a third variable.

A

spurious

54
Q

a measure of variability; the square root of the variance.

A

Standard deviation

55
Q

characteristics and experiences that participants bring with them to experiments (i.e., they are preexisting).

A

Subject factors

56
Q

a scientific explanation of a phenomenon; should contain statements that (1) have already been tested and verified by previous research or (2) are able to be tested for accuracy in future research

A

theory

57
Q

Occurs when a variable that is not being studied causes similar change to two variables being studies. This creates what is called a spurious correlation between the two variables (i.e., they are correlated only because they are both being similarly affected by another variable).

A

third variable explanation

58
Q

experimental condition in which participants receive whatever experimental treatment is being tested.

A

treatment condition

59
Q

anything that can differ in value.

A

Variable

60
Q

a measure of variability; calculated by dividing the sum of squared deviations by the number of scores in a data set minus one.

A

variance

61
Q

when two variables are not related to each other.

A

Zero correlation

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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