Biology Chapter 3

Question 0

Macromolecules

Answer 0

Functional groups give form and function to the carbon backbone

Question 1

Organic macromolecules

Answer 1

Contains carbon
Maximum bonding capacity
Backbone of macromolecules

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

Single molecule

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Chain of monomers

Polymer=macromolecule

Question 4

Cellular structure

Answer 4

Complete body of polymers with a specific function

Question 5

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

Covalent bonds are formed, H2O

Released and energy stored

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

Covalent bonds are broken, H2O

Is consumed and energy released

Question 7

Organisms are primarily made of 4 kinds of organic macromolecules

Answer 7

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 8

Nucleic acids serve 3 functions

Answer 8

1. genetic code: DNA
2. Reading genetic code: RNA
3. Cellular energy: ATP

Question 9

Nucleic acids

Answer 9

Composed of nucleotides ( monomers)
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

Question 10

Genetic code

Answer 10

It’s DNA

Is the sequence of bases

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

Stays in the nucleus of cell

Question 12

Backbone of DNA

Answer 12

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Question 13

Four nitrogenous bases

Answer 13

Adenine guanine cytosine thymine(DNA only)

Question 14

Hydrogen bonds is what

Answer 14

Holds the 2 strands of DNA molecule

Question 15

Genetic code is to do what

Answer 15

Is there to make proteins

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

Is the middle man

Question 17

RNA is similar to DNA but..

Answer 17

1. Ribose is the sugar instead of deoxyribose
2. RNA is a single strand
3. Uracil replaces thymine (uracil= RNA only)

Question 18

Flow of genetic information

Answer 18

Nucleus - RNA - cytoplasm
DNA is transcribed into RNA - moved to cytoplasm- translated into a protein (amino acid sequence)
Central dogma of molecular biology

Question 19

ATP

Answer 19

Cellular energy
1. Used for transfer of energy 
2. ADP - ATP 
3. Energy currency in all organisms 
Energy being stored in bond I'm between 2 and 3 phosphate

Question 20

ADP -

ATP -

Answer 20

Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

Highly complex macromolecules

Instrumental in almost every structure and function

Question 22

Amino acids

Answer 22

Carbon, amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen, functional group

Question 23

Proteins defined by

Answer 23

The specific order of amino acids

Question 24

How is that order determined

Answer 24

``` Genetic code(DNA sequence) DNA - RNA - protein Central dogma of molecular biology ```

Question 25

Amino acids linked together by

Answer 25

Peptide bonds

Question 26

Chains of amino acids are called

Answer 26

Polypeptides | Several to make a protein

Question 27

Peptide

Answer 27

Another word for amino acid

Question 28

Polypeptide

Answer 28

2 or more amino acids

Question 29

Shape =

Answer 29

Function

Question 30

Primary structure

Answer 30

Amino acid sequence

Question 31

Secondary structure

Answer 31

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids

Question 32

Tertiary structure

Answer 32

3D structure of 1 polypeptide

Question 33

Quaternary structure

Answer 33

Several polypeptides together In a single protein

Question 34

Function

Answer 34

Proteins provide support, motion, metabolic: involved in chemical reaction (enzymes), transportation of other substances, (defense) immune system, regulatory, - extreme changes in pH and temperature can cause proteins to denature break hydrogen bonds - lose shape and function - remember blood pH - hemoglobin

Question 35

Carbohydrates

Answer 35

Short term energy storage and transport Structural framework of cells Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1

Question 36

Simple carbohydrates

Answer 36

Monosaccharides and disaccharides Short term energy storage between cells and tissues Most important energy source Food broken down into these

Question 37

Complex carbohydrates

Answer 37

Two types | Not water soluble

Question 38

Storage polysaccharides

Answer 38

Immediate duration energy storage (starch, glycogen)

Question 39

Structural polysaccharides

Answer 39

Protective and structural elements (cellulose, chitin)

Question 40

Carbohydrates summary

Answer 40

Derived from food (originally plants) Can be altered by enzymes to store or release energy Structural carbohydrates are not digest able Too much carbs= fat