Psychology Chapter 3

Question 1

the fifth of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person accepts the inevitability of their impending death, and their emotional turmoil and pain are lessened.

Answer 1

acceptance

Question 2

the process of altering your classification system to create a new schema in your inventory of mental prototypes to better fit your experiences in the world

Answer 2

accommodation

Question 3

a period of transition from childhood to adulthood spanning the ages of approximately 12 to 20; the interval extending from puberty to independence

Answer 3

adolescence

Question 4

– the longest stage of human development; a state of mind where one consistently seeks to make life choices that are responsible to one’s self and others and that are life affirming

Answer 4

adulthood

Question 5

the innermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus

Answer 5

amnion

Question 6

the second of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences anger at the fact that they are dying

Answer 6

anger

Question 7

impaired recall for words with no impairment for word comprehension or word repetition

Answer 7

anomia

Question 8

point in development at which children perceive human qualities in inanimate objects

Answer 8

anthropomorphic

Question 9

the process of absorbing the elements of your experience in the world and assigning this experience to membership in one category in your inventory of schemas

Answer 9

assimilation

Question 10

parenting style in which parents are not very affectionate with their children and are strict disciplinarians; leads to children who lack independence

Answer 10

authoritarian parenting style

Question 11

parenting style in which parents are affectionate with their children but set firm limits and boundaries for them; leads to children with the best outcomes in our society

Answer 11

authoritative parenting style

Question 12

the second of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 1-3 in which the child determines whether or not they are capable of initiating and directing their own behavior.

Answer 12

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 13

the third of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person attempts to bargain with their concept of God in an attempt to avoid death

Answer 13

bargaining

Question 14

a fertilized egg after 5 days; a cluster of 70 to 100 cells with an emerging inner mass that attaches to the wall of the uterus between days 5 and 7

Answer 14

blastocyst

Question 15

from head to foot

Answer 15

cephalocaudal

Question 16

the outermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus

Answer 16

chorion

Question 17

answering questions indirectly by providing an alternative or substitute to a word, usually because one cannot retrieve the word

Answer 17

circumlocution

Question 18

all mental processes involved with learning, thinking, remembering, and communicating

Answer 18

cognition

Question 19

Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 7 and 11 years; stage in which children begin to think logically about objects and events and develop symbolic thinking

Answer 19

concrete operational period

Question 20

the realization that properties of objects stay the same even when they are made to look different

Answer 20

conservation

Question 21

Kohlberg’s intermediate level of moral development; level at which one relies on law and social rules to guide one’s moral behavior; contains two substages: Good Interpersonal Relationships and Maintaining the Social Order

Answer 21

conventional level

Question 22

period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to a permanent impairment in development

Answer 22

critical level

Question 23

study in which researchers measure the performance of subjects in different groups (i.e. age brackets) at the same point in time and then compare them

Answer 23

cross-sectional study

Question 24

the first of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person refuses to believe they are dying

Answer 24

denial

Question 25

the fourth of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences pain and depression over the fact that they are dying

Answer 25

depression

Question 26

area of psychology that explores the physical, cognitive, and social changes we experience throughout our life span, from prenatal development through old age.

Answer 26

developmental psychology

Question 27

babies with this temperament react strongly to changes in the environment, are fussy, and react strongly to physical discomfort

Answer 27

difficult temperament

Question 28

an irregularity or break that disrupts otherwise normal speech, such as the use of filler syllables like um or er

Answer 28

disfluency

Question 29

twins resulting from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm

Answer 29

dizygotic (DZ) twins

Question 30

a disorder involving trouble with reading; may include difficultly identifying the separate speech sounds within a word and understanding how letters represent these sounds, impaired spelling, aberrant eye movement patterns, or visual-verbal coordination

Answer 30

dyslexia

Question 31

babies with this temperament are generally in a good mood, adapt easily to changes in the environment and setting, and are easy to calm down

Answer 31

easy temperament

Question 32

the eighth of Erikson's stages of development; stage from age 65 and up in which an older adult retroactively evaluates his or her life

Answer 32

ego integrity vs despair

Question 33

point in development at which children have not yet learned to see past their own perspective and believe that everyone and everything else experiences the world as they do

Answer 33

egocentric

Question 34

a developing child 2 weeks after conception is now nourished by the placenta and experiences rapid growth and development

Answer 34

embryo

Question 35

an inner cell mass that forms in a human zygote at 5 days after conception, making it into a blastocyst; source of the embryonic stem cells that give rise to all the structures of the developing organism

Answer 35

embryoblast

Question 36

the second period of prenatal development (between 2 weeks and 9 weeks after conception)

Answer 36

embryonic period

Question 37

the period of prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, the heartbeat can be heard, the major organs have been established and begin to function

Answer 37

fetal period

Question 38

an unborn child between 9 weeks postconception and birth; has developed limbs and eyes and completes the development of all major organs

Answer 38

fetus

Question 39

Piagetan stage of development occurring after about 11 years; stage at which a child begins to be capable of adult hypothetical abstract reasoning

Answer 39

formal operational period

Question 40

the desire to contribute to society, to help establish and guide the next generation

Answer 40

Generativity

Question 41

the seventh of Erikson's stages of development; stage from 35-65 in which an adult seeks to contribute to society and to establish and guide the next generation

Answer 41

Generativity vs stagnation

Question 42

the initial period of prenatal development (between conception and 2 weeks after conception)

Answer 42

germinal period

Question 43

Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional level of moral development; stage at which an individual makes moral decisions in order to uphold the expectations of family and community

Answer 43

good interpersonal relationships

Question 44

a decrease in the strength of responding to a repeated stimulus; is used to study learning in infants

Answer 44

habituation

Question 45

a struggle to define a personal identity that is an expression of one's own true nature and is not a contortion of one's natural self induced by parental or peer demands

Answer 45

identity crises

Question 46

the fifth of Erikson's stages of development; stage from ages 12-19 in which a teenager seeks to determine his identity; i.e. what he has and what he is going to do with it.

Answer 46

identity vs role confusion

Question 47

the process by which baby ducks or geese will attach themselves to a caregiver and faithfully follow them wherever they go

Answer 47

imprinting

Question 48

Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which children recognize that there is more than one possible answer to dilemmas, and choose based on which course of action satisfies the individual's personal needs.

Answer 48

individualism and exchange

Question 49

the fourth of Erikson's stages of development; stage from ages 5-12 in which a child determines whether or not they believe they are able to compete successfully with their peers

Answer 49

industry vs inferiority

Question 50

the third of Erikson's stages of development; stage from ages 3-5 in which the child seeks to resolve the question "Am I good or am I bad?" in terms of their character, needs, and desires

Answer 50

initiative vs guilt

Question 51

the ability to form mature caring and loving relationships age

Answer 51

intimacy

Question 52

the sixth of Erikson's stages of development; stage from ages 20-30+ in which a young adult seeks to determine if they can form and sustain emotional ties with other people.

Answer 52

intimacy vs isolation

Question 53

the expected number of years remaining for any given age

Answer 53

life expectancy

Question 54

the maximum possible age for any individual in the species

Answer 54

life span

Question 55

study in which the same group of subjects is tested and retested at set intervals over a long period of time (i.e. decades)

Answer 55

longitudinal study

Question 56

Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals become concerned with preserving the interests of the community or broader society rather than individual interests.

Answer 56

maintaining the social order

Question 57

the first menstrual period and the onset of puberty in women

Answer 57

menarche

Question 58

twins resulting from one zygote splitting and forming two embryos

Answer 58

monozygotic (MZ) twins

Question 59

Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which individual believes that authority figures have a fixed set of rules that must be followed without question.

Answer 59

obedience and punishment orientation

Question 60

the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are removed or hidden from sight

Answer 60

object permanence

Question 61

a mental transformation (i.e. adding or subtracting in your head)

Answer 61

operation

Question 62

female gamete, or reproductive cell

Answer 62

ovum

Question 63

an active attempt to induce an adolescent to conform to peer group expectations and abandon parental and sibling expectations

Answer 63

peer pressure

Question 64

parenting style in which parents are warm and affectionate with children but are lenient and apply minimal discipline; produces children who are uninhibited and do not take responsibility for their actions

Answer 64

permissive parenting style

Question 65

Kohlberg's top level of moral development; level at which one relies on abstract principles such as agreed upon rights and personal ethical principles for moral decisions; contains two substages: Social Contract and Individual Rights and Universal Principles

Answer 65

postconventional level

Question 66

Kohlberg's lowest level of moral development; level at which one makes moral decisions based on self-interest, in order to avoid punishment or gain rewards; contains two substages: Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Individualism and Exchange

Answer 66

preconventional level

Question 67

Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 18 months and 7 years; stage in which children begin to develop language skills and imagination, but are still constrained by their own point of view

Answer 67

preoperational period

Question 68

inevitable changes in the body due to the passage of time

Answer 68

primary aging

Question 69

reproductive organs and external genitalia

Answer 69

primary sex characteristics

Question 70

from center to periphery

Answer 70

proximodistal

Question 71

the onset of sexual maturity, the point at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

Answer 71

puberty

Question 72

an increase in the strength of responding to a novel stimulus; used to study learning in infants

Answer 72

recovery

Question 73

the process in which parents and other caregivers tend to structure the environment in an attempt to guide children to perform target behaviors before they have actually learned such behaviors; defined by Vygotsky

Answer 73

scaffolding

Question 74

a preconception, mental representation, or prototype that children and adults apply to experiences in order to understand the world

Answer 74

schema

Question 75

impairments in health that are induced by lifestyle choices that lead to abuse, disuse, and exposure of the body to disease and toxins

Answer 75

secondary aging

Question 76

pubic and underarm hair, voice changes and facial hair in men, breast and hip development in women

Answer 76

secondary sex characteristics

Question 77

the biological change in an organism as it ages after achieving maturity

Answer 77

senescence

Question 78

period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to an impairment that may be partially overcome by experience at a later age of development

Answer 78

sensitive period

Question 79

Piagetan stage of development occurring between birth and 18 months; stage in which children learn to differentiate themselves from external objects and to see themselves as an agent of action

Answer 79

sensorimotor period

Question 80

distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when separated from their primary caregiver(s)

Answer 80

separation anxiety

Question 81

babies with this temperament are shy, cautious, and need to be slowly and gently introduced to new stimuli, but can adapt if given adequate time and support

Answer 81

slow to warm up temperament

Question 82

Stage 5 of Kohlberg's Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals recognize that societies change and that the rule of law should correspondingly change; they seek an agreement on moral issues between rational people that most individuals can uphold.

Answer 82

social contract and individual rights

Question 83

one's sense of self

Answer 83

social identity

Question 84

male gamete, or reproductive cell; the smallest cell in the human body

Answer 84

sperm

Question 85

the first ejaculation and the onset of puberty in men

Answer 85

spermarche

Question 86

distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when in the presence of a stranger

Answer 86

stranger anxiety

Question 87

a disorder in which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions, prolongations, or hesitations

Answer 87

stuttering

Question 88

the pattern of emotional reactivity of an infant that emerges early in development; is largely genetic or inherited

Answer 88

temperament

Question 89

Any factor,drug,chemical, virus, or other infective agent that can disrupt the growth trajectory of an embryo and induce a miscarriage or cause a birth defect

Answer 89

teratogen

Question 90

the first of Erikson's stages of development; stage from birth to 1 year of age in which the child determines whether or not they can trust other people and their environment

Answer 90

trust vs mistrust

Question 91

parenting style in which parents ignore or neglect their children; produces children who feel neglected and have many life problems

Answer 91

uninvolved parenting style

Question 92

Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals are less concerned with maintaining society in its present form and more concerned with bringing society into harmony with a higher state of consciousness and embracing universal principles and values

Answer 92

universal principles

Question 93

period in skill acquisition when children are receptive to learning a new behavior but are still unable to perform the behavior on their own

Answer 93

zone of proximal development

Question 94

a fertilized egg less than 5 days old; precursor to an embryo

Answer 94

zygote