Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards
the fifth of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person accepts the inevitability of their impending death, and their emotional turmoil and pain are lessened.
acceptance
the process of altering your classification system to create a new schema in your inventory of mental prototypes to better fit your experiences in the world
accommodation
a period of transition from childhood to adulthood spanning the ages of approximately 12 to 20; the interval extending from puberty to independence
adolescence
– the longest stage of human development; a state of mind where one consistently seeks to make life choices that are responsible to one’s self and others and that are life affirming
adulthood
the innermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus
amnion
the second of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences anger at the fact that they are dying
anger
impaired recall for words with no impairment for word comprehension or word repetition
anomia
point in development at which children perceive human qualities in inanimate objects
anthropomorphic
the process of absorbing the elements of your experience in the world and assigning this experience to membership in one category in your inventory of schemas
assimilation
parenting style in which parents are not very affectionate with their children and are strict disciplinarians; leads to children who lack independence
authoritarian parenting style
parenting style in which parents are affectionate with their children but set firm limits and boundaries for them; leads to children with the best outcomes in our society
authoritative parenting style
the second of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 1-3 in which the child determines whether or not they are capable of initiating and directing their own behavior.
autonomy vs shame and doubt
the third of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person attempts to bargain with their concept of God in an attempt to avoid death
bargaining
a fertilized egg after 5 days; a cluster of 70 to 100 cells with an emerging inner mass that attaches to the wall of the uterus between days 5 and 7
blastocyst
from head to foot
cephalocaudal
the outermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus
chorion
answering questions indirectly by providing an alternative or substitute to a word, usually because one cannot retrieve the word
circumlocution
all mental processes involved with learning, thinking, remembering, and communicating
cognition
Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 7 and 11 years; stage in which children begin to think logically about objects and events and develop symbolic thinking
concrete operational period
the realization that properties of objects stay the same even when they are made to look different
conservation
Kohlberg’s intermediate level of moral development; level at which one relies on law and social rules to guide one’s moral behavior; contains two substages: Good Interpersonal Relationships and Maintaining the Social Order
conventional level
period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to a permanent impairment in development
critical level
study in which researchers measure the performance of subjects in different groups (i.e. age brackets) at the same point in time and then compare them
cross-sectional study
the first of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person refuses to believe they are dying
denial
the fourth of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences pain and depression over the fact that they are dying
depression
area of psychology that explores the physical, cognitive, and social changes we experience throughout our life span, from prenatal development through old age.
developmental psychology
babies with this temperament react strongly to changes in the environment, are fussy, and react strongly to physical discomfort
difficult temperament
an irregularity or break that disrupts otherwise normal speech, such as the use of filler syllables like um or er
disfluency
twins resulting from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm
dizygotic (DZ) twins
a disorder involving trouble with reading; may include difficultly identifying the separate speech sounds within a word and understanding how letters represent these sounds, impaired spelling, aberrant eye movement patterns, or visual-verbal coordination
dyslexia
babies with this temperament are generally in a good mood, adapt easily to changes in the environment and setting, and are easy to calm down
easy temperament
the eighth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from age 65 and up in which an older adult retroactively evaluates his or her life
ego integrity vs despair
point in development at which children have not yet learned to see past their own perspective and believe that everyone and everything else experiences the world as they do
egocentric
a developing child 2 weeks after conception is now nourished by the placenta and experiences rapid growth and development
embryo
an inner cell mass that forms in a human zygote at 5 days after conception, making it into a blastocyst; source of the embryonic stem cells that give rise to all the structures of the developing organism
embryoblast
the second period of prenatal development (between 2 weeks and 9 weeks after conception)
embryonic period
the period of prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, the heartbeat can be heard, the major organs have been established and begin to function
fetal period
an unborn child between 9 weeks postconception and birth; has developed limbs and eyes and completes the development of all major organs
fetus
Piagetan stage of development occurring after about 11 years; stage at which a child begins to be capable of adult hypothetical abstract reasoning
formal operational period
the desire to contribute to society, to help establish and guide the next generation
Generativity
the seventh of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from 35-65 in which an adult seeks to contribute to society and to establish and guide the next generation
Generativity vs stagnation
the initial period of prenatal development (between conception and 2 weeks after conception)
germinal period
Stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Conventional level of moral development; stage at which an individual makes moral decisions in order to uphold the expectations of family and community
good interpersonal relationships
a decrease in the strength of responding to a repeated stimulus; is used to study learning in infants
habituation
a struggle to define a personal identity that is an expression of one’s own true nature and is not a contortion of one’s natural self induced by parental or peer demands
identity crises
the fifth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 12-19 in which a teenager seeks to determine his identity; i.e. what he has and what he is going to do with it.
identity vs role confusion
the process by which baby ducks or geese will attach themselves to a caregiver and faithfully follow them wherever they go
imprinting
Stage 2 of Kohlberg’s Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which children recognize that there is more than one possible answer to dilemmas, and choose based on which course of action satisfies the individual’s personal needs.
individualism and exchange
the fourth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 5-12 in which a child determines whether or not they believe they are able to compete successfully with their peers
industry vs inferiority
the third of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 3-5 in which the child seeks to resolve the question “Am I good or am I bad?” in terms of their character, needs, and desires
initiative vs guilt
the ability to form mature caring and loving relationships age
intimacy
the sixth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 20-30+ in which a young adult seeks to determine if they can form and sustain emotional ties with other people.
intimacy vs isolation
the expected number of years remaining for any given age
life expectancy
the maximum possible age for any individual in the species
life span
study in which the same group of subjects is tested and retested at set intervals over a long period of time (i.e. decades)
longitudinal study
Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s Conventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals become concerned with preserving the interests of the community or broader society rather than individual interests.
maintaining the social order
the first menstrual period and the onset of puberty in women
menarche
twins resulting from one zygote splitting and forming two embryos
monozygotic (MZ) twins
Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which individual believes that authority figures have a fixed set of rules that must be followed without question.
obedience and punishment orientation
the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are removed or hidden from sight
object permanence
a mental transformation (i.e. adding or subtracting in your head)
operation
female gamete, or reproductive cell
ovum
an active attempt to induce an adolescent to conform to peer group expectations and abandon parental and sibling expectations
peer pressure
parenting style in which parents are warm and affectionate with children but are lenient and apply minimal discipline; produces children who are uninhibited and do not take responsibility for their actions
permissive parenting style
Kohlberg’s top level of moral development; level at which one relies on abstract principles such as agreed upon rights and personal ethical principles for moral decisions; contains two substages: Social Contract and Individual Rights and Universal Principles
postconventional level
Kohlberg’s lowest level of moral development; level at which one makes moral decisions based on self-interest, in order to avoid punishment or gain rewards; contains two substages: Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Individualism and Exchange
preconventional level
Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 18 months and 7 years; stage in which children begin to develop language skills and imagination, but are still constrained by their own point of view
preoperational period
inevitable changes in the body due to the passage of time
primary aging
reproductive organs and external genitalia
primary sex characteristics
from center to periphery
proximodistal
the onset of sexual maturity, the point at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
puberty
an increase in the strength of responding to a novel stimulus; used to study learning in infants
recovery
the process in which parents and other caregivers tend to structure the environment in an attempt to guide children to perform target behaviors before they have actually learned such behaviors; defined by Vygotsky
scaffolding
a preconception, mental representation, or prototype that children and adults apply to experiences in order to understand the world
schema
impairments in health that are induced by lifestyle choices that lead to abuse, disuse, and exposure of the body to disease and toxins
secondary aging
pubic and underarm hair, voice changes and facial hair in men, breast and hip development in women
secondary sex characteristics
the biological change in an organism as it ages after achieving maturity
senescence
period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to an impairment that may be partially overcome by experience at a later age of development
sensitive period
Piagetan stage of development occurring between birth and 18 months; stage in which children learn to differentiate themselves from external objects and to see themselves as an agent of action
sensorimotor period
distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when separated from their primary caregiver(s)
separation anxiety
babies with this temperament are shy, cautious, and need to be slowly and gently introduced to new stimuli, but can adapt if given adequate time and support
slow to warm up temperament
Stage 5 of Kohlberg’s Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals recognize that societies change and that the rule of law should correspondingly change; they seek an agreement on moral issues between rational people that most individuals can uphold.
social contract and individual rights
one’s sense of self
social identity
male gamete, or reproductive cell; the smallest cell in the human body
sperm
the first ejaculation and the onset of puberty in men
spermarche
distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when in the presence of a stranger
stranger anxiety
a disorder in which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions, prolongations, or hesitations
stuttering
the pattern of emotional reactivity of an infant that emerges early in development; is largely genetic or inherited
temperament
Any factor,drug,chemical, virus, or other infective agent that can disrupt the growth trajectory of an embryo and induce a miscarriage or cause a birth defect
teratogen
the first of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from birth to 1 year of age in which the child determines whether or not they can trust other people and their environment
trust vs mistrust
parenting style in which parents ignore or neglect their children; produces children who feel neglected and have many life problems
uninvolved parenting style
Stage 6 of Kohlberg’s Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals are less concerned with maintaining society in its present form and more concerned with bringing society into harmony with a higher state of consciousness and embracing universal principles and values
universal principles
period in skill acquisition when children are receptive to learning a new behavior but are still unable to perform the behavior on their own
zone of proximal development
a fertilized egg less than 5 days old; precursor to an embryo
zygote
