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Biology 101 > Psychology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

the fifth of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person accepts the inevitability of their impending death, and their emotional turmoil and pain are lessened.

A

acceptance

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2
Q

the process of altering your classification system to create a new schema in your inventory of mental prototypes to better fit your experiences in the world

A

accommodation

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3
Q

a period of transition from childhood to adulthood spanning the ages of approximately 12 to 20; the interval extending from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

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4
Q

– the longest stage of human development; a state of mind where one consistently seeks to make life choices that are responsible to one’s self and others and that are life affirming

A

adulthood

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5
Q

the innermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus

A

amnion

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6
Q

the second of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences anger at the fact that they are dying

A

anger

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7
Q

impaired recall for words with no impairment for word comprehension or word repetition

A

anomia

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8
Q

point in development at which children perceive human qualities in inanimate objects

A

anthropomorphic

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9
Q

the process of absorbing the elements of your experience in the world and assigning this experience to membership in one category in your inventory of schemas

A

assimilation

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10
Q

parenting style in which parents are not very affectionate with their children and are strict disciplinarians; leads to children who lack independence

A

authoritarian parenting style

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11
Q

parenting style in which parents are affectionate with their children but set firm limits and boundaries for them; leads to children with the best outcomes in our society

A

authoritative parenting style

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12
Q

the second of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 1-3 in which the child determines whether or not they are capable of initiating and directing their own behavior.

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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13
Q

the third of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person attempts to bargain with their concept of God in an attempt to avoid death

A

bargaining

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14
Q

a fertilized egg after 5 days; a cluster of 70 to 100 cells with an emerging inner mass that attaches to the wall of the uterus between days 5 and 7

A

blastocyst

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15
Q

from head to foot

A

cephalocaudal

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16
Q

the outermost membrane surrounding a developing fetus

A

chorion

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17
Q

answering questions indirectly by providing an alternative or substitute to a word, usually because one cannot retrieve the word

A

circumlocution

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18
Q

all mental processes involved with learning, thinking, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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19
Q

Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 7 and 11 years; stage in which children begin to think logically about objects and events and develop symbolic thinking

A

concrete operational period

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20
Q

the realization that properties of objects stay the same even when they are made to look different

A

conservation

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21
Q

Kohlberg’s intermediate level of moral development; level at which one relies on law and social rules to guide one’s moral behavior; contains two substages: Good Interpersonal Relationships and Maintaining the Social Order

A

conventional level

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22
Q

period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to a permanent impairment in development

A

critical level

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23
Q

study in which researchers measure the performance of subjects in different groups (i.e. age brackets) at the same point in time and then compare them

A

cross-sectional study

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24
Q

the first of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person refuses to believe they are dying

A

denial

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25
Q

the fourth of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying; stage in which a person experiences pain and depression over the fact that they are dying

A

depression

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26
Q

area of psychology that explores the physical, cognitive, and social changes we experience throughout our life span, from prenatal development through old age.

A

developmental psychology

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27
Q

babies with this temperament react strongly to changes in the environment, are fussy, and react strongly to physical discomfort

A

difficult temperament

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28
Q

an irregularity or break that disrupts otherwise normal speech, such as the use of filler syllables like um or er

A

disfluency

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29
Q

twins resulting from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm

A

dizygotic (DZ) twins

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30
Q

a disorder involving trouble with reading; may include difficultly identifying the separate speech sounds within a word and understanding how letters represent these sounds, impaired spelling, aberrant eye movement patterns, or visual-verbal coordination

A

dyslexia

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31
Q

babies with this temperament are generally in a good mood, adapt easily to changes in the environment and setting, and are easy to calm down

A

easy temperament

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32
Q

the eighth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from age 65 and up in which an older adult retroactively evaluates his or her life

A

ego integrity vs despair

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33
Q

point in development at which children have not yet learned to see past their own perspective and believe that everyone and everything else experiences the world as they do

A

egocentric

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34
Q

a developing child 2 weeks after conception is now nourished by the placenta and experiences rapid growth and development

A

embryo

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35
Q

an inner cell mass that forms in a human zygote at 5 days after conception, making it into a blastocyst; source of the embryonic stem cells that give rise to all the structures of the developing organism

A

embryoblast

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36
Q

the second period of prenatal development (between 2 weeks and 9 weeks after conception)

A

embryonic period

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37
Q

the period of prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, the heartbeat can be heard, the major organs have been established and begin to function

A

fetal period

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38
Q

an unborn child between 9 weeks postconception and birth; has developed limbs and eyes and completes the development of all major organs

A

fetus

39
Q

Piagetan stage of development occurring after about 11 years; stage at which a child begins to be capable of adult hypothetical abstract reasoning

A

formal operational period

40
Q

the desire to contribute to society, to help establish and guide the next generation

A

Generativity

41
Q

the seventh of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from 35-65 in which an adult seeks to contribute to society and to establish and guide the next generation

A

Generativity vs stagnation

42
Q

the initial period of prenatal development (between conception and 2 weeks after conception)

A

germinal period

43
Q

Stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Conventional level of moral development; stage at which an individual makes moral decisions in order to uphold the expectations of family and community

A

good interpersonal relationships

44
Q

a decrease in the strength of responding to a repeated stimulus; is used to study learning in infants

A

habituation

45
Q

a struggle to define a personal identity that is an expression of one’s own true nature and is not a contortion of one’s natural self induced by parental or peer demands

A

identity crises

46
Q

the fifth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 12-19 in which a teenager seeks to determine his identity; i.e. what he has and what he is going to do with it.

A

identity vs role confusion

47
Q

the process by which baby ducks or geese will attach themselves to a caregiver and faithfully follow them wherever they go

A

imprinting

48
Q

Stage 2 of Kohlberg’s Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which children recognize that there is more than one possible answer to dilemmas, and choose based on which course of action satisfies the individual’s personal needs.

A

individualism and exchange

49
Q

the fourth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 5-12 in which a child determines whether or not they believe they are able to compete successfully with their peers

A

industry vs inferiority

50
Q

the third of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 3-5 in which the child seeks to resolve the question “Am I good or am I bad?” in terms of their character, needs, and desires

A

initiative vs guilt

51
Q

the ability to form mature caring and loving relationships age

A

intimacy

52
Q

the sixth of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from ages 20-30+ in which a young adult seeks to determine if they can form and sustain emotional ties with other people.

A

intimacy vs isolation

53
Q

the expected number of years remaining for any given age

A

life expectancy

54
Q

the maximum possible age for any individual in the species

A

life span

55
Q

study in which the same group of subjects is tested and retested at set intervals over a long period of time (i.e. decades)

A

longitudinal study

56
Q

Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s Conventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals become concerned with preserving the interests of the community or broader society rather than individual interests.

A

maintaining the social order

57
Q

the first menstrual period and the onset of puberty in women

A

menarche

58
Q

twins resulting from one zygote splitting and forming two embryos

A

monozygotic (MZ) twins

59
Q

Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s Preconventional level of moral development; stage at which individual believes that authority figures have a fixed set of rules that must be followed without question.

A

obedience and punishment orientation

60
Q

the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are removed or hidden from sight

A

object permanence

61
Q

a mental transformation (i.e. adding or subtracting in your head)

A

operation

62
Q

female gamete, or reproductive cell

A

ovum

63
Q

an active attempt to induce an adolescent to conform to peer group expectations and abandon parental and sibling expectations

A

peer pressure

64
Q

parenting style in which parents are warm and affectionate with children but are lenient and apply minimal discipline; produces children who are uninhibited and do not take responsibility for their actions

A

permissive parenting style

65
Q

Kohlberg’s top level of moral development; level at which one relies on abstract principles such as agreed upon rights and personal ethical principles for moral decisions; contains two substages: Social Contract and Individual Rights and Universal Principles

A

postconventional level

66
Q

Kohlberg’s lowest level of moral development; level at which one makes moral decisions based on self-interest, in order to avoid punishment or gain rewards; contains two substages: Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Individualism and Exchange

A

preconventional level

67
Q

Piagetan stage of development occurring between approximately 18 months and 7 years; stage in which children begin to develop language skills and imagination, but are still constrained by their own point of view

A

preoperational period

68
Q

inevitable changes in the body due to the passage of time

A

primary aging

69
Q

reproductive organs and external genitalia

A

primary sex characteristics

70
Q

from center to periphery

A

proximodistal

71
Q

the onset of sexual maturity, the point at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

A

puberty

72
Q

an increase in the strength of responding to a novel stimulus; used to study learning in infants

A

recovery

73
Q

the process in which parents and other caregivers tend to structure the environment in an attempt to guide children to perform target behaviors before they have actually learned such behaviors; defined by Vygotsky

A

scaffolding

74
Q

a preconception, mental representation, or prototype that children and adults apply to experiences in order to understand the world

A

schema

75
Q

impairments in health that are induced by lifestyle choices that lead to abuse, disuse, and exposure of the body to disease and toxins

A

secondary aging

76
Q

pubic and underarm hair, voice changes and facial hair in men, breast and hip development in women

A

secondary sex characteristics

77
Q

the biological change in an organism as it ages after achieving maturity

A

senescence

78
Q

period of development during which if a disturbance occurs, the disturbance will lead to an impairment that may be partially overcome by experience at a later age of development

A

sensitive period

79
Q

Piagetan stage of development occurring between birth and 18 months; stage in which children learn to differentiate themselves from external objects and to see themselves as an agent of action

A

sensorimotor period

80
Q

distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when separated from their primary caregiver(s)

A

separation anxiety

81
Q

babies with this temperament are shy, cautious, and need to be slowly and gently introduced to new stimuli, but can adapt if given adequate time and support

A

slow to warm up temperament

82
Q

Stage 5 of Kohlberg’s Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals recognize that societies change and that the rule of law should correspondingly change; they seek an agreement on moral issues between rational people that most individuals can uphold.

A

social contract and individual rights

83
Q

one’s sense of self

A

social identity

84
Q

male gamete, or reproductive cell; the smallest cell in the human body

A

sperm

85
Q

the first ejaculation and the onset of puberty in men

A

spermarche

86
Q

distress experienced by children in the sensorimotor stage when in the presence of a stranger

A

stranger anxiety

87
Q

a disorder in which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions, prolongations, or hesitations

A

stuttering

88
Q

the pattern of emotional reactivity of an infant that emerges early in development; is largely genetic or inherited

A

temperament

89
Q

Any factor,drug,chemical, virus, or other infective agent that can disrupt the growth trajectory of an embryo and induce a miscarriage or cause a birth defect

A

teratogen

90
Q

the first of Erikson’s stages of development; stage from birth to 1 year of age in which the child determines whether or not they can trust other people and their environment

A

trust vs mistrust

91
Q

parenting style in which parents ignore or neglect their children; produces children who feel neglected and have many life problems

A

uninvolved parenting style

92
Q

Stage 6 of Kohlberg’s Postconventional level of moral development; stage at which individuals are less concerned with maintaining society in its present form and more concerned with bringing society into harmony with a higher state of consciousness and embracing universal principles and values

A

universal principles

93
Q

period in skill acquisition when children are receptive to learning a new behavior but are still unable to perform the behavior on their own

A

zone of proximal development

94
Q

a fertilized egg less than 5 days old; precursor to an embryo

A

zygote

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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