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AP Psychology > Pysch Mid-term Exam > Flashcards

Pysch Mid-term Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Philosophers

A

Plato, Socrates, Aristotle

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

focused on the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior - William James

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt - aimed to analyze the structure of the mind through introspection

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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

considered the father of psychology, established the first psych lab and is associated with structuralism

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5
Q

Descartes and Locke

A

Descartes - proposed mind-body dualism, Locke’s ideas contributed to empiricism and the concept of tabula rasa (“blank slate”)

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6
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

An integrated perspective emphasizing the biological, psychological, and social factors influencing behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

7 Perspectives

A

Biological, Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Evolutionary, and Sociocultural

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8
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

the internal body clock regulating the sleep-wake cycle over roughly 24 hours

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9
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

the recurring patterns of sleep stages, including REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non rapid eye movement) sleep

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10
Q

REM Sleep

A

a sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and heightened brain activity

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11
Q

NREM Sleep Stages 1-4

A

Different stages of non-REM sleep, each with distinct brain wave patterns and characterisitcs

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12
Q

Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Opiates

A

types of drugs affecting the central nervous system with varying effects on mood, perception, and consciousness

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13
Q

Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens

A

types of drugs with distinct effects on the nervous system and behavior

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14
Q

Manifest Content vs. Latent Content

A

Freud Theory: manifest content refers to the apparent storyline of a dream - latent content represents its underlying, often symbolic, meaning

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15
Q

Scientific Method

A

a systematic approach to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing

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16
Q

Parts of the Scientific Method

A

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, Analysis, Conclusion

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17
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment

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18
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable being measured or observed; its changes are influenced by the independent variable

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19
Q

Experimental Condition

A

The group in an experiment exposed to the independent variable

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20
Q

Control Condition

A

The group is an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable; used as comparison to assess the impact of the independent variable

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21
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be overly confident in one’s beliefs or judgements

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22
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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23
Q

Correlation

A

a statistical measure indicating the extent of the relationship between two variables

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24
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a number between -1 and +1 that represents the strength and directions of the relationship between variables

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25
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data

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26
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A research method involving the observation of subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation

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27
Q

Survey-Wording Effect

A

The impact of subtle changes in wording or phrasing of survey questions on respondents’ answers

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28
Q

Case Study

A

an in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group over an extended period to gain insights into a particular phenomenon

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29
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

An experimental technique where both the participants and the researchers interacting with them are unaware of the treatment or condition to eliminate bias

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30
Q

Placebo Effect

A

a phenomenon where a participant’s expectation or belief in a treatment’s effectiveness causes them to experience improvement, even if they’ve received a placebo or inert substance

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31
Q

Biological Psychology

A

The branch of psych that focuses on the relationship between behavior and physiological processes

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32
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

Neurons are comprised of the cell body, dendrites, and axons

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33
Q

Threshold

A

the level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse or action potential

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34
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between two neurons where communication occurs via neurotransmitters

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35
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses

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36
Q

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin

A

neurotransmitters associated with various functions like movement, mood regulation, and pleasure

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37
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitters acting as natural painkillers or mood elevators

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38
Q

Nervous System

A

the body’s communication network, consisting of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

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39
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

controls involuntary functions; the parasympathetic division conserves energy, while the sympathetic division mobilizes energy

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40
Q

Endocrine System

A

the system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions

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41
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

often term the “master gland,” it controls the release of hormones from other glands and regulates growth

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42
Q

Lesions

A

areas of damage or abnormal tissue in the body, often studied to understand specific functions

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43
Q

Different Scans

A

EEG, PET, MRI, fMRI - all used to study brain structure and activity

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44
Q

Brain Regions

A

Brainstem, Medulla, Thalamus, Cerebellum, Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Cerebral Cortex, Four Lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital)

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45
Q

Motor Cortex vs. Sensory Cortex

A

areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor functions and sensory processing

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46
Q

Plasticity

A

The brains ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life

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47
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, facilitating communication

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48
Q

Aphasia

A

language impairment typically resulting from brain damage

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49
Q

Secure Attachment vs. Insecure Attachment

A

refers to the bond between and child and caregiver; secure attachment involves trust and comfort, while insecure attachment may manifest as avoidance or anxiety

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50
Q

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor (birth-2) senses and motor skills, Preoperational (2-7) language dev. and egocentric,
Concrete Operational (7-11) logical thinking,
Formal Operation (12-18) abstract thinking & hypothetical reasoning

51
Q

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

A

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Role Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair

52
Q

Object Permanence

A

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

53
Q

Crystallized Intelligence vs Fluid Intelligence

A

crystallized = accumulated knowledge and skills
fluid = the ability to reason quickly and think abstractly

54
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one’s own

55
Q

Types of Parenting

A

Authoritative, Permissive, Authoritarian

56
Q

Conservation

A

understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement

57
Q

Imprinting

A

rapid, innate learning that occurs during a critical period

58
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Automatic turning of the head in the direction of a touch near the mouth

59
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Stages from conception to birth include germinal (zygote), embryonic (organ development), and fetal (growth and refinement)

60
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

61
Q

Egocentrism

A

the inability to see the world from others’ perspectives

62
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by experience

63
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporating new experiences into existing

64
Q

Accommodation

A

adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information

65
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

transition period between adolescence and full adulthood

66
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg and Moral Development

A

presented stages of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional

67
Q

Harlow Monkey Experiment

A

investigated attachment and the need for comfort using surrogate mothers

68
Q

Habituation

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure

69
Q

Teratogen

A

substances that can harm prenatal development

70
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

71
Q

Adolescence

A

transition period from childhood to adulthood

72
Q

Social Clock

A

culturally preferred timing of social events

73
Q

Death Deferral Phenomenon

A

increase in deaths after significant events and decrease immediately before

74
Q

Pruning Nerve Cells

A

the brain’s disposal of unused connections

75
Q

Longitudinal vs Cross-Sectional Studies

A

longitudinal: track the same individuals over time
cross-sectional: compare different groups at one time

76
Q

Self-Concept

A

one’s understanding and evaluation of oneself

77
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

vivid, detailed memories of significant and emotional events

78
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model

A

proposed the multi-store model of memory consisting of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

79
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

developed the forgetting curve- the rapid loss of info after learning

80
Q

Relearning Effect

A

it’s easier to relearn previously learned information than to learn it initially

81
Q

Priming

A

activation of specific associations in memory, often unconsciously, influencing perception or response

82
Q

Three-Step Process of Memory

A
  1. Encoding - processing info into memory
  2. Storage - retaining info
  3. Retrieval - retrieving stored info
83
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle

84
Q

Chunking

A

organizing information into manageable units to improve memory

85
Q

Hierarchies

A

organizing information into categories or levels to aid recall

86
Q

Explicit and Implicit Memory

A

Explicit: conscious recall
Implicit: unconscious recall and affects behavior

87
Q

Hippocampus and Cerebellum

A

Hippocampus = crucial for forming new memories
Cerebellum = plays a role in procedural memory and certain forms of classical conditioning

88
Q

Iconic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli

89
Q

Echoic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli

90
Q

Short-Term Memory vs. Working Memory

A

working memory expanded the concept of short-term memory to include the active manipulation of information, not just its temporary storage.

91
Q

Types of Interference

A

Proactive Interference: old info disrupts new
Retroactive Interference: new info disrupts old

92
Q

Repressed Memories

A

memories that are unconsciously blocked due to their emotionally painful or traumatic nature

93
Q

Effortful Processing

A

actively working to encode, store, and retrieve info

94
Q

Freud

A

known for psychoanalysis and theory of the unconscious mind

95
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s therapeutic approach focusing on uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires

96
Q

Psychosexual Stages of Development

A

Freud’s theory emphasizing the stages of childhood where pleasure-seeking energies are focused on specific erogenous zones (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) ; purpose was to explain personality development through unresolved conflicts at these stages

97
Q

Free Association

A

Freudian technique where patients freely express thoughts and feelings, often revealing unconscious material

98
Q

Iceberg Analogy

A

metaphor representing the mind; conscious mind is above the water, unconscious remains under water, influencing behavior

99
Q

Id, Ego, Superego

A

Id: instinctual desires
Ego: mediator between id and superego
Superego: internalized moral standards

100
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety or unacceptable impulses

101
Q

Alfred Adler

A

inferiority complex and emphasized social motives

102
Q

Karen Horney

A

focused on social and cultural factors in personality development, emphasizing the need for security

103
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconsciousness

104
Q

Projective Tests

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test - assess personality through ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings

105
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

emphasis on unconscious conflicts

106
Q

Humanist

A

human potential and growth

107
Q

Neo-Freudian

A

social and cultural influences

108
Q

Social Cognitive

A

role of cognition and environment in shaping behavior

109
Q

Myers-Briggs Test

A

a questionnaire assessing personality types based on Jung’s theory of psychological types

110
Q

Factor Analysis

A

statistical technique used to identify clusters of related traits

111
Q

Personality Inventory

A

questionnaire assessing various personality traits

112
Q

The Big Five Factors

A

CANOE: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion

113
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

Kelly - emphasizes the interaction between individuals and their environment, particularly how people perceive and interpret situations

114
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

overstimulating to extent to which others notice and judge our appearance or behavior

115
Q

Self-Esteem

A

one’s overall evaluation or feeling self-worth

116
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks

117
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors

118
Q

Individualism vs Collectivism

A

Individualism: emphasizes personal goals and independence
Collectivism: focuses on group goals and interdependence

119
Q

Neuronal Communication

A

neurons use electrical signals within themselves (action potentials) and chemical signals between them (neurotransmitters) to transmit information in the nervous system.

120
Q

Importance of Neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters are essential messengers that impact mood, memory, muscle movement, sleep, pain perception, attention, and various other bodily functions and behaviors. Imbalances in neurotransmitter levels can contribute to various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

121
Q

Agonists vs Antagonists

A

agonists boost neurotransmitter effects, while antagonists hinder or block them. Understanding these substances helps in designing treatments for various conditions by modulating neurotransmitter activity.

122
Q

Endocrine System and Pituitary

A

the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions, and the pituitary gland, acting as the master regulator, plays a pivotal role by releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands and maintain overall hormonal balance.

123
Q

Pituitary and Hypothalamus Relationship

A

the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland, which, in turn, releases hormones to regulate other endocrine glands, forming a crucial axis for maintaining hormonal balance in the body.

124
Q

Fork Exercise (Cerebral Cortex)

A

This exercise demonstrates the brain’s ability to process and interpret sensory stimuli, showcasing the role of the cerebral cortex in our sensory experiences.

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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