Pyrexia Flashcards
Pyrexia
Elevation in body temperature above normal range.
Protective Mechanism
Body’s response to infection or inflammation.
Immune System Activation
Triggered by pyrogens, enhancing immune response.
Exogenous Pyrogens
Originating outside the body, like bacteria.
Endogenous Pyrogens
Produced within the body, such as cytokines.
Hypothalamus Role
Regulates body temperature and fever response.
Increased Metabolic Rate
Accelerates immune cell and enzyme activity.
Leukocyte Efficiency
Improves white blood cells’ pathogen destruction.
Inhibition of Pathogen Growth
Higher temperatures slow down pathogen replication.
Thermosensitive Pathogens
Killed or weakened by elevated body temperatures.
Signal for Medical Attention
Fever indicates underlying infection or condition.
Control of Inflammation
Modulates cytokine release during inflammatory response.
Acute Inflammation
Short-term response to harmful stimuli.
Chronic Inflammation
Long-term inflammation from persistent injury.
Cellular Response to Injury
Involves chemical and cellular changes post-injury.
Pathophysiology of Inflammation
Biological processes following tissue injury.
Chemical Injury
Damage caused by toxic substances.
Traumatic Injury
Physical damage to tissues or organs.
Heat Injury
Tissue damage from excessive temperature exposure.
Radiation Injury
Cellular damage from radiation exposure.
Toxic Insult
Disruption of homeostasis affecting neurotransmitters.
Set Point Concept
Normal body temperature range influencing disease states.
Neoplasia
Abnormal cell growth leading to tumors.
Acute Inflammation
Immediate response to injury or infection lasting hours.
Chronic Inflammation
Prolonged inflammation lasting months to years.
Vascular Changes
Increased blood flow and vessel permeability.
Exudate
Fluid leaking from blood vessels during inflammation.
Histamine
Chemical mediator released by mast cells.
Prostaglandins
Promote vasodilation, fever, and pain from arachidonic acid.
Leukotrienes
Increase vascular permeability and attract neutrophils.
Cytokines
Regulate inflammatory response and attract white blood cells.
Bradykinin
Causes vasodilation and contributes to pain.
Complement System
Enhances inflammation and promotes pathogen destruction.
Neutrophils
First responders performing phagocytosis at infection sites.
Macrophages
Second responders involved in phagocytosis and tissue repair.
Mast Cells
Release histamine, contributing to vasodilation.
Eosinophils
Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Vasodilation
Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow and heat.
Increased Vascular Permeability
Allows immune cells and proteins to enter tissues.
Phagocytosis
Engulfing pathogens and debris by immune cells.
Fibrosis
Scarring resulting from chronic inflammation.
Lymphocytes
T and B cells involved in autoimmune responses.
Plasma Cells
Produce antibodies against persistent antigens.
Fibroblasts
Contribute to collagen production and fibrosis.
Tissue Destruction
Breakdown of tissue due to persistent inflammation.
Growth Factors
Stimulate tissue repair and contribute to fibrosis.
Cytokines in Chronic Inflammation
Sustain inflammation and recruit chronic inflammatory cells.
Granuloma
Aggregated macrophages wall off persistent pathogens.
Wound Healing
Repair process for damaged tissue integrity.
Haemostasis
Immediate response to limit blood loss.
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.
Platelets
Cells that form clots and release growth factors.
Inflammatory Phase
Initial phase with immune cell influx post-injury.
Cytokines
Signaling molecules that orchestrate immune responses.
Proliferation Phase
Formation of new tissue and blood vessels.
Angiogenesis
Creation of new blood vessels for healing.
Fibroblasts
Cells that produce extracellular matrix for tissue repair.
Epithelialization
Migration of epithelial cells to close wounds.
Granulation Tissue
New tissue with capillaries and collagen during healing.
Maturation Phase
Remodeling of tissue, may cause permanent scarring.
Cellular Response to Injury
Cells react to damage from various stressors.
Ischemia
Lack of blood supply causing tissue damage.
Acute Cellular Response
Rapid response to stress or injury in cells.
Molecular Sensors
Proteins detecting injury signals in cells.
Inflammatory Signals
Molecules recruiting immune cells to injury sites.
Cellular Swelling
Accumulation of water due to ion pump failure.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Impaired mitochondria reduce ATP production.
Adaptation to Injury
Cells undergo changes to cope with stress.
Reversible Cellular Injury
Cells recover from mild or brief injuries.
Membrane Repair Mechanisms
Processes to fix damaged plasma membranes.
Mitochondrial Recovery
Restoration of ATP production after oxygen is restored.
Autophagy
Removal of damaged organelles and proteins by the cell.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death in response to severe injury.
Necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death due to injury or stress.
Tissue Repair
Process to restore tissue integrity after injury.
Regeneration
Complete restoration of tissue structure and function.
Fibrosis
Formation of scar tissue after tissue injury.
Immediate Response
Activation of vascular system to minimize blood loss.
Chemical Mediators
Substances like histamine that drive inflammatory response.
Inflammation
Protective response involving vasodilation and immune recruitment.
Neutrophils
White blood cells that clear debris and pathogens.
Macrophages
Immune cells that engulf dead cells and pathogens.
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels during tissue repair.
Resolution of Inflammation
Return to homeostasis after inflammatory response.
Pattern Recognition Receptors
Molecules that detect injury and trigger inflammation.
Vascular Changes
Alterations like vasodilation to facilitate immune response.
Chronic Inflammation
Prolonged inflammatory response leading to tissue damage.
Chemical Injury
Cell damage from toxic substances disrupting functions.
Traumatic Injury
Physical damage to cells and tissues from forces.
Heat Injury
Cell damage due to excessive heat causing dysfunction.
Radiation Injury
Cell damage from ionizing radiation or cold exposure.
Homeostasis
Stable internal environment critical for organ function.
Neurotoxicity
Damage to neurons from toxic agents affecting function.
Ion Haemostasis
Balance of ions crucial for cellular function.
Cellular Energy Production
Process of generating ATP for cellular activities.
Cell Membrane Integrity
Maintaining structure and function of cell membranes.
Oxidative Stress
Imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers transmitting signals between neurons.
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Production of neurotransmitters in neurons.
Neurotransmitter Release
Discharge of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitter Receptors
Proteins that bind neurotransmitters to initiate signaling.
Neurotransmitter Reuptake
Process of neurotransmitter reabsorption by presynaptic neuron.
Calcium Ion Balance
Regulation of calcium levels for neurotransmission.
Potassium Ion Balance
Regulation of potassium levels for cellular excitability.
Organophosphates
Pesticides inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, causing acetylcholine accumulation.
Lead Poisoning
Lead disrupts calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release.
Mercury Poisoning
Mercury disrupts neurotransmitter release and causes oxidative damage.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
CO inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, causing energy depletion.
Ethanol Toxicity
Alcohol affects GABA and NMDA receptors, causing CNS depression.
Set Point
Target physiological range maintained by the body.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Processes that restore balance to physiological parameters.
Thermoreceptors
Sensors detecting temperature changes in the body.
Neoplasia
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth forming tumours.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.
Disease States
Conditions arising from disrupted homeostasis and set points.
