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Passive immunity in neonates Flashcards

1
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Transfer of maternal antibodies to newborns for protection.

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2
Q

Neonatal Mammals

A

Newborn mammals requiring maternal antibodies for survival.

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3
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk rich in antibodies, crucial for neonates.

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4
Q

Transplacental Transfer

A

Antibody transfer from mother to fetus via placenta.

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5
Q

IgG

A

Main antibody in passive immunity, neutralizes pathogens.

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6
Q

IgA

A

Antibody in colostrum, protects mucosal surfaces.

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7
Q

IgM

A

Early antibody response, less significant in passive immunity.

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8
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity developed by one’s own immune response.

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9
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules stimulating immune responses against foreign substances.

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10
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Immune response involving antibodies produced by B cells.

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11
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

Immune response involving T cells targeting infected cells.

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12
Q

Endogenous Steroids

A

Hormones affecting immune response and stress levels.

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Complex

A

Endocrine system’s command center for hormone regulation.

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14
Q

Mucosal Surfaces

A

Body surfaces like gut and respiratory tract needing protection.

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15
Q

Maternal Circulation

A

Mother’s bloodstream where antibodies are produced.

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16
Q

Immune System Development

A

Process where neonates gradually produce their own antibodies.

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17
Q

Systemic Protection

A

Widespread defense against infections throughout the body.

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18
Q

Antibody Transfer Mechanisms

A

Methods by which antibodies are passed to neonates.

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19
Q

Clinical Practices

A

Medical approaches involving colostrum for newborn health.

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20
Q

Husbandry Practices

A

Animal care methods ensuring proper antibody transfer.

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21
Q

Pathogen Exposure

A

Contact with harmful microorganisms triggering immune responses.

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22
Q

First 24-48 Hours

A

Critical period for antibody absorption in puppies.

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23
Q

B Cells

A

Immune cells producing antibodies in response to antigens.

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24
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Immunity acquired without direct exposure to pathogens.

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25
Q

IgG

A

Main antibody transferred from mother to fetus in mammals.

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26
Q

IgA

A

Antibody primarily found in colostrum and mature milk.

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27
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk secretion rich in antibodies post-birth.

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28
Q

Marsupials

A

Group of mammals with minimal placental antibody transfer.

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29
Q

Monotremes

A

Egg-laying mammals with poorly understood immune systems.

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30
Q

IgY

A

Bird equivalent of IgG, transferred via egg yolk.

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31
Q

In-ovo Immunity

A

Antibody transfer to embryos through egg yolk.

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32
Q

Gastric Capacity

A

Newborn dog’s capacity estimated at four ml per 100g.

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33
Q

Colostrum Quality

A

Determined by immunoglobulin levels essential for immunity.

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34
Q

Prolactin

A

Hormone triggering IgG release into colostrum.

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35
Q

Intestinal Barrier Closure

A

Limits immunoglobulin absorption post-birth.

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36
Q

Trypsin Inhibitors

A

Prevent immunoglobulin breakdown in colostrum.

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37
Q

Passive Immune Transfer (PIT)

A

Process of transferring maternal antibodies to neonate.

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38
Q

Colostrum Feeding Time

A

Delay reduces immune quality and absorption potential.

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39
Q

Neonate

A

Newborn animal reliant on maternal antibodies.

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40
Q

Colostrum Intake Timing

A

Optimal within first 8 hours for effective immunity.

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41
Q

Labrador Puppies

A

Natural suckling begins within minutes after birth.

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42
Q

Immunoglobulin Concentration

A

IgG levels drop 60% within 24 hours postpartum.

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43
Q

Colostral IgG Concentration

A

2-3 times higher than in maternal serum.

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44
Q

Colostrum Volume Calculation

A

1.3 ml needed per 100g to achieve minimum IgG.

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45
Q

Frozen Canine Colostrum

A

Best alternative to maternal colostrum for puppies.

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46
Q

Colostrum’s Role in Nutrition

A

Essential for puppies’ nutritional and immune needs.

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47
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk from a donor bitch, rich in antibodies.

48
Q

IgG concentration

A

50% drop in colostral IgG by 24 hours.

49
Q

PIT

A

Intestinal barrier closure occurring at 12-16 hours.

50
Q

Lactation day for milking

A

Optimal collection during the second day.

51
Q

Colostrum benefits

A

Eliminates meconium, limits hypoglycemia, provides immunity.

52
Q

Meconium

A

First feces of a newborn, ingested in utero.

53
Q

Glucocorticoids (GCs)

A

Steroid hormones influencing immune cell balance.

54
Q

T helper cell-1 (Th1)

A

Promotes cellular immunity against intracellular pathogens.

55
Q

T helper cell-2 (Th2)

A

Mediates humoral immunity against extracellular threats.

56
Q

Oestrogen effects

A

Mixed effects on Th1 and Th2 responses.

57
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Cells responsible for antibody production.

58
Q

B-cell activation

A

Suppressed by glucocorticoids in the bone marrow.

59
Q

Androgens

A

Hormones generally suppressing immune system activity.

60
Q

Testosterone

A

Regulates T and B cell functions.

61
Q

Regulatory T-Cells

A

Suppress excessive immune activation, maintain self-tolerance.

62
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Central nervous system area controlling endocrine functions.

63
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland producing key hormones for regulation.

64
Q

Neuroendocrine compounds

A

Substances affecting hormone release from the pituitary.

65
Q

Immune response suppression

A

GCs used to treat overactive B-cell activity.

66
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis

A

Connection between nervous and endocrine systems.

67
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Conditions linked to dysregulation of immune responses.

68
Q

Antibody production

A

Enhanced by oestrogen, suppressed by androgens.

69
Q

Immune cell composition

A

Altered by steroid hormones affecting immune responses.

70
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell development affected by GCs.

71
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master gland producing key hormones, regulates others.

72
Q

Hypophysis

A

Another name for the pituitary gland.

73
Q

Sella Turcica

A

Depression in sphenoid bone housing pituitary gland.

74
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior part of pituitary, secretes various hormones.

75
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior part of pituitary, stores neurohormones.

76
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

77
Q

Prolactin

A

Hormone stimulating milk production in mammary glands.

78
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Stimulates growth, cell repair, and metabolism.

79
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Regulates reproductive functions and hormone production.

80
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.

81
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

82
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates labor contractions and milk ejection.

83
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water retention in kidneys, reduces urine output.

84
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Vein system connecting hypothalamus and adenohypophysis.

85
Q

Neurohormones

A

Hormones produced in hypothalamus, regulate pituitary secretion.

86
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-1

A

Secreted by liver, modulates metabolism in tissues.

87
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-2

A

Acts in paracrine fashion, modifies metabolism in cells.

88
Q

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A

Stimulates GH secretion from adenohypophysis.

89
Q

Somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Inhibits growth hormone release, prevents excessive growth.

90
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates release of LH and FSH from pituitary.

91
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

Stimulates ACTH release during stress response.

92
Q

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates TSH release, regulates metabolism and growth.

93
Q

Physiological Triggers

A

Factors influencing hormone secretion and physiological responses.

94
Q

IGF‐1

A

Insulin-like growth factor influencing metabolism in tissues.

95
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone secreted by adenohypophysis.

96
Q

GH‐IH

A

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone from hypothalamus.

97
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland secreting various hormones.

98
Q

GH‐RH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus.

99
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Low blood sugar stimulating GH secretion.

100
Q

Lactation

A

Milk production influencing GH and TRH secretion.

101
Q

Fasting

A

Absence of food intake stimulating GH release.

102
Q

Exercise

A

Physical activity increasing GH secretion.

103
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus.

104
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone from adenohypophysis.

105
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine, active thyroid hormone affecting metabolism.

106
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine, precursor thyroid hormone converted to T3.

107
Q

rT3

A

Reverse T3, inactive form of thyroid hormone.

108
Q

Thyroid hormone receptors

A

Proteins binding T3 and T4 in target cells.

109
Q

Cytosolic deiodinases

A

Enzymes converting T4 to T3.

110
Q

Negative feedback

A

Inhibition of hormone secretion by its effects.

111
Q

ACTH‐RH

A

Adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone from hypothalamus.

112
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulating cortisol release.

113
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid hormone affecting metabolism and stress response.

114
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Adrenal cortex layer producing cortisol.

115
Q

Glucocorticoid receptors

A

Nuclear receptors for cortisol in target cells.

116
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulating stress response.

117
Q

Physiological actions

A

Biological effects resulting from hormone actions.

Self defence and disease (7 decks)

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