Immunity intrin/extrin and innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards
What are intrinsic factors
genetic, developmental
What are extrinsic factors
husbandry, environmental
Name 3 main intrinsic components
genetic predisposition
developmental maturation
physiological and hormonal factors
describe genetic predisposition
implication in breed differences?
immune gene polymorphisms
hereditory disorders
epigenetic regulation
describe developmental maturation
foetal and neonatal immune development
thymic function
microbiome colonization
describe physiological and hormonal factors
stress responses :hormonal changes can suppress immunity
thymic involution thymic size and activity decrease with age in mammals impacting t-cell production
Name 5 main extrinsic components
Nutrition and feed qualithy
Microbiota and commensals
environmental management and stress
pathogen exposure and vaccination
gut-brain-immune connection
What is microbiota and commensals
gut microbiota
dysbiosis
probiotics and prebiotics
difference of probiotic and prebiotic
probiotic is microorganisms that help with gut health
prebiotic is compounds in food that foster growth and activity of beneficial microorganism
what is dysbiosis
Dysbiosis is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota,
What is environmental management and stress
husbandry practices
stress
enrichment
What is pathogen exposure and vaccination
controlled exposure
vaccination programs
What is Gut-brain-immune connection
stress and behaviour
neuroimmune modulation
What is innate immunity
first line of defence and is non specific and does not require prior exposure, it happens quickly withinminutes/hours
What is non specific mean
does not target specific pathogens and provides and general defence against a wide range of invaders
How does innate immunity get affected with repeat exposure to same pathogen
does not improve
What makes up the physical and chemical barriers of innate immunity
skin, mucous membrane and secretions like saliva, tears and sotmach acid prevent pathogen entry
What makes up cellular defences/ soluble factors of innate immunity
Cellular:
phagocytes(macrophages, neutrophils)
Natural killer cells
soluble factors:
complement system
cytokines
cardinal signs of inflammation
What are phagocytes
engulf and destroy pathogens
What are natural killer cells
destroy infected or abnormal cells
What is a complement system
a group of proteins that enhance pathogen destruction and inflammation
What are cytokines
signaling molecules that coordinate immune responses
What is cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, and pain that occur as the immune system recruits cells and molecules to the site of infection
What is acquired immunity
second line of defense and is specific and targets pathogens based on prior exposure and slow response but highly effective
When is acquired immunity activated
after exposure to a specific pathogen
How does prior exposure affect acquired immunity response
remembers pathogens, leading to faster and stronger responses upon subsequent exposures
Main components of acquired immunity
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Memory cells
2 main types of lymphocytes
B and T cells
What do monocytes and macrophages do
phagocytosis and antigen presentation
What do basophils and mast cells do
histamine release in inflammation
what do eosinophils do
combat parasites and allergens
what do neutrophils do
rapid response and phagocytosis
What type of mediation is T cells
cell mediated
What type of mediation is B cells
antibody-mediated
What do interleukins do
signal between leukocytes
what do C-reactive proteins do
Marker of inflammation
What does histamine do
vasodilation and increased permeability
What are antigens
molecules(protein, polysacchardies) that trigger an immune response
2 main types of antigens
exogenous and endogenous
difference of exogenous and endogenous
endogenous is found in the cytoplasm/ inside the cells
exogenous is extracellular (foreign)
2 main types of antigen presentation
MHC 1
MHC 2
What is MHC 1
presents to cytotoxic T cells (intracellular pathogens)
What is MHC 2
presents to helper T cells (extracellular pathogens)
