punishment & prevention Flashcards
peter joyce
-punishment is necessary/desirable:
>deterrence= punishment makes ppl think 2x abt committing crime
>incapacitation= protects potential victims
>rehabilitation= prevents reoffending
>retribution= society giving a just punishment
Durkheim
-before industrialisation ppl were held together by mechanical solidarity
-if ppl broke these norms they were seen as deviant and law was based upon retribution
-as society dev the collective conscience weakened, so punishment changed to retitutive justice
-this new punishment helped w/ boundary maintenance
3 eras of punishment (marxism)
-early middle ages= religious penance (workers in high demand so didn’t imprison for long periods)
-later middle ages= brutal punishment, rich needed to control the poor
-17th century= shortage of labour, prisoners used for labour
Melossi & Pavarin (marx)
-prison dev to impose punishment on workers who wouldn’t submit to factory discipline
-punishment enforces laws that benefit the rich.
reiman (marx)
punishment as a way of enforcing laws that benefit the rich. WC exp harsher punishments even if their crimes do less harm
foucault
-change from sovereign power (punishment carried out on the body/publically) to disciplinary power (govern the soul, not body)
-references Bentham’s panopticon prison design and links this to monitoring in modern society e.g. cctv
ETV of foucault
-few criminals are put off by CCTV
-exaggerates the extent of control over prisoners
Garland
-penal welfarism to culture of control
-adaptive response= govt intervene in high risk group’s lives to change how they act
-expressive strategy= politicians create perception that crime is declining
-sovereign state= use of mass imprisonment to reassure the masses 9punitive sanctions)
ETV of Garland
-shows importance of ‘law and order’ politics
-Goffman= reflected in racial oppression of black e.g. 30% black men w/ no college edu in prison by 30
-less state control mechanism, now use other professions e.g. psychologists
Liebling & Crewe (prison works)
-incapacitation= frequent offenders off street)
-acts as a deterrent= potential criminals fear prison
-prevents reoffending= unpleasant exp
-reforms prisoners via treatment programmes= treatment for drugs etc and education
liebling & crewe (prison doesn’t work)
-makes reoffending more likely as prison disrupts a stable life
-stigmatisation occurs= self concept, see themselves as criminals so reoffend
-the prison environment acts as a schl for crime= values are linked to other criminals
Community penalties/ rehab
-£35k on each prison place annually, £4k on community orders
-unpaid community work more effective in ending reoffending (32% to 27%)
-current env more important than past punishment in stopping reoffending
-USA has 700 ppl in prison per 100k, norway has 66 per 100k, norway focus on rehabilitation
govt plans/ white paper strategy
-zero tolerance to drugs
-getting offenders clean
-getting offenders into work
Clarke (right realism)
-ppl commit offences when costs of offending are less than the benefits obtained
-we should make it more difficult to commit offences
-‘rational choice theory’- weigh up risks/ awards rather than acting morally
Felson
-crime occurred when a likely offender and target came together where there is no capable guardian
-port authority bus terminal building= change in architecture discouraged the crime that was previously happening
target hardening (felson?)
-makes targets less accessible/ attractive
-e.g. improving locks on houses or cctv
-shows that both informal and formal control is needed to prevent crime
ETV of right realist view
-ignores causes of crime e.g. deprived
-assumes crime is a rational decision
-limited to opportunistic crime (doesn’t mention domestic, corporate, green crime)
-undesirable as reduces civil liberties by increasing surveillance
-only nature of crime is changed, not amount
crime displacement
-spatial= committed in diff place
-temporal= committed at diff time
-target based= diff victim
-functional= less risky crime committed
e.g. Port Authority Bus Terminal
Wilson & Kelling (right realism)
-broken window theory= prevent areas from deteriorating so crime doesnt become an endemic
-formal & informal control needed
-env improvements make an area less intimidating so citizens can exercise informal controls
etv of env crime prevention
-investments in localities may be more effective e.g. more leisure facilities
-not enough police to patrol areas at risk of deterioration
-Reiner= police more effective by clamping down on ‘hot spots’ of crime, rather than anti-social behaviour
no tolerance policy
-stop crime from getting out of hand
-curfews, street drinking bans, dispersal orders
Hoyle (positivist)
-used victim surveys in positivist victimology which found that young, male, ppl who go out, ethnic minorities were more likely to be victims
Mind (positivist)
-victimisation varies with the specific type of crime e.g. rape
-vulnerable groups
positivist victimology
-proneness= victims bc of their characteristics
-precipitation= the victim initiated the crime
