punishment & prevention

Question 1

peter joyce

Answer 1

-punishment is necessary/desirable:
>deterrence= punishment makes ppl think 2x abt committing crime
>incapacitation= protects potential victims
>rehabilitation= prevents reoffending
>retribution= society giving a just punishment

Question 2

Durkheim

Answer 2

-before industrialisation ppl were held together by mechanical solidarity
-if ppl broke these norms they were seen as deviant and law was based upon retribution
-as society dev the collective conscience weakened, so punishment changed to retitutive justice
-this new punishment helped w/ boundary maintenance

Question 3

3 eras of punishment (marxism)

Answer 3

-early middle ages= religious penance (workers in high demand so didn’t imprison for long periods)
-later middle ages= brutal punishment, rich needed to control the poor
-17th century= shortage of labour, prisoners used for labour

Question 4

Melossi & Pavarin (marx)

Answer 4

-prison dev to impose punishment on workers who wouldn’t submit to factory discipline
-punishment enforces laws that benefit the rich.

Question 5

reiman (marx)

Answer 5

punishment as a way of enforcing laws that benefit the rich. WC exp harsher punishments even if their crimes do less harm

Question 6

foucault

Answer 6

-change from sovereign power (punishment carried out on the body/publically) to disciplinary power (govern the soul, not body)
-references Bentham’s panopticon prison design and links this to monitoring in modern society e.g. cctv

Question 7

ETV of foucault

Answer 7

-few criminals are put off by CCTV
-exaggerates the extent of control over prisoners

Question 8

Garland

Answer 8

-penal welfarism to culture of control
-adaptive response= govt intervene in high risk group’s lives to change how they act
-expressive strategy= politicians create perception that crime is declining
-sovereign state= use of mass imprisonment to reassure the masses 9punitive sanctions)

Question 9

ETV of Garland

Answer 9

-shows importance of ‘law and order’ politics
-Goffman= reflected in racial oppression of black e.g. 30% black men w/ no college edu in prison by 30
-less state control mechanism, now use other professions e.g. psychologists

Question 10

Liebling & Crewe (prison works)

Answer 10

-incapacitation= frequent offenders off street)
-acts as a deterrent= potential criminals fear prison
-prevents reoffending= unpleasant exp
-reforms prisoners via treatment programmes= treatment for drugs etc and education

Question 11

liebling & crewe (prison doesn’t work)

Answer 11

-makes reoffending more likely as prison disrupts a stable life
-stigmatisation occurs= self concept, see themselves as criminals so reoffend
-the prison environment acts as a schl for crime= values are linked to other criminals

Question 12

Community penalties/ rehab

Answer 12

-£35k on each prison place annually, £4k on community orders
-unpaid community work more effective in ending reoffending (32% to 27%)
-current env more important than past punishment in stopping reoffending
-USA has 700 ppl in prison per 100k, norway has 66 per 100k, norway focus on rehabilitation

Question 13

govt plans/ white paper strategy

Answer 13

-zero tolerance to drugs
-getting offenders clean
-getting offenders into work

Question 14

Clarke (right realism)

Answer 14

-ppl commit offences when costs of offending are less than the benefits obtained
-we should make it more difficult to commit offences
-‘rational choice theory’- weigh up risks/ awards rather than acting morally

Question 15

Felson

Answer 15

-crime occurred when a likely offender and target came together where there is no capable guardian
-port authority bus terminal building= change in architecture discouraged the crime that was previously happening

Question 16

target hardening (felson?)

Answer 16

-makes targets less accessible/ attractive
-e.g. improving locks on houses or cctv
-shows that both informal and formal control is needed to prevent crime

Question 17

ETV of right realist view

Answer 17

-ignores causes of crime e.g. deprived
-assumes crime is a rational decision
-limited to opportunistic crime (doesn’t mention domestic, corporate, green crime)
-undesirable as reduces civil liberties by increasing surveillance
-only nature of crime is changed, not amount

Question 18

crime displacement

Answer 18

-spatial= committed in diff place
-temporal= committed at diff time
-target based= diff victim
-functional= less risky crime committed
e.g. Port Authority Bus Terminal

Question 19

Wilson & Kelling (right realism)

Answer 19

-broken window theory= prevent areas from deteriorating so crime doesnt become an endemic
-formal & informal control needed
-env improvements make an area less intimidating so citizens can exercise informal controls

Question 20

etv of env crime prevention

Answer 20

-investments in localities may be more effective e.g. more leisure facilities
-not enough police to patrol areas at risk of deterioration
-Reiner= police more effective by clamping down on ‘hot spots’ of crime, rather than anti-social behaviour

Question 21

no tolerance policy

Answer 21

-stop crime from getting out of hand
-curfews, street drinking bans, dispersal orders

Question 22

Hoyle (positivist)

Answer 22

-used victim surveys in positivist victimology which found that young, male, ppl who go out, ethnic minorities were more likely to be victims

Question 23

Mind (positivist)

Answer 23

-victimisation varies with the specific type of crime e.g. rape
-vulnerable groups

Question 24

positivist victimology

Answer 24

-proneness= victims bc of their characteristics
-precipitation= the victim initiated the crime

Question 25

etv of positive victimology

Answer 25

+important in identifying patterns, exposed problems in CJS e.g. level of trauma as a victim
- victimisation surveys may not be reliable, accused of victim blaming, limited range of crimes

Question 26

Radical victimology

Answer 26

looks at the structural factors which makes groups more likely to be victims

Question 27

Lea and Young (radical)

Answer 27

-victimology needs to consider that class inequality is made worse by high rates of victimisation among those in poor inner city areas

Question 28

Jones, Maclean & Young (radical victimology)

Answer 28

being a victim was more problematic for the poor as they often lacked insurance & their relationship w. the police was uneasy

Question 29

ETV of radical victimology

Answer 29

-not distanced enough from pos victimology
-relies on limited/ unreliable crime surveys

Question 30

Walklate (critical victimology)

Answer 30

-the state often acts in it’s own interests in defining who is and isn’t a victim

Question 31

Tombs and Whyte (critical victimology)

Answer 31

corporate victims often don’t realise they’re victims as corporations use their power to obscure the extent of their crime therefore victim surveys may not work

Question 32

Critical victimology

Answer 32

political campaigning by victim groups can make a difference and lead to rights being acknowledged e.g. SA at work, but they believe society still works in interests of the powerful