Globalisation and crime

Question 1

Castells

Answer 1

-societies are no longer self contained and a global economy has developed which allows international crime

Question 2

Misha Glenny

Answer 2

notes the russian mafias which occurred after the fall of the USSR. The wealthy hired these mafias to protect their interests

Question 3

harm of organised crime

Answer 3

-harms victims, economy, politics and cultures
-link to corruption within govt where political policies can be distorted and effect law enforcement

Question 4

newburn (effects of globalisation of crime)

Answer 4

-reduces power of the nation state (may effect more than one nation)
-increasing new ways of committing crime (take advantage of varying legislations)
-create new awareness of risk (treaties or fear of immigrants)

Question 5

Taylor

Answer 5

-capitalism drives the globalisation of crime
-privatisation create conditions for growth of crime

Question 6

Taylor (financial crime)

Answer 6

-can move finances w/ minimal control e.g. tax evasion & subsidising money (EU loses £7bill annually)
-loose controls over capital and tax havens give organised crime opportunities to launder profits
-cheap international transport allows companies to shift production costs (high tax to low tax countries). Results in unemployment=crime

Question 7

Hobbs and Dunningham

Answer 7

-most global crime operates locally also
-networks of interconnected criminals who occasionally work together
-a global network is built through local connections e.g. Dave Peters
-international contacts= smuggling, local= sell

Question 8

South

Answer 8

-primary environmental crimes= legal under international law but cause damage
-environmental law-breaking= illegal under international law but may not be enforced

Question 9

Primary environmental crime

Answer 9

-Walters= GMC
-Thornton & Bechwith= air pollution, 24k ppl die prematurely each year bc of it

Question 10

environmental law breaking

Answer 10

-walters= Br nuclear industry

Question 11

Zemiology

Answer 11

laws are inadequate for judging whether actions should be regarded as criminal & instead we should assess the harm caused

Question 12

Walters

Answer 12

-eco crimes should be looked at as crimes against nature rather than just crimes against individual humans
-White supports this that we should have a eco-centric approach which emphasises the interdependence we have on the env

Question 13

Beck

Answer 13

-economic growth means risks resulting from nature/ lack of resources has declined
-this economic/scientific growth has created new risks e.g. nuclear waste
-harm to env is an integral part of dev
-tech etc have created new dangers which are global

Question 14

Sutton

Answer 14

-critiques Beck
-Beck suggests that all classes are equally vulnerable but this is not true e.g. rich ppl can move house
-BUT does praise Beck for highlighting harm of tech

Question 15

Halsey & White

Answer 15

-The cause of green crime is the dominance of capitalist ideology as economic growth is prioritised over the environment
-theres been a ‘corporate colonisation of nature’

Question 16

Walter (examples of crime)

Answer 16

-biopiracy= companies take control of resources, preventing them from being used by the indigenous
-corporate engineering of nature= GMC
-corporations responsible for green crime= oil spills
-state= Chinese govt and 3 gorges dam
-organised crime= mafia disposing of hazardous waste into Naples water

Question 17

McLaughlin

Answer 17

-political crimes
-crimes of the police
-economic crimes
-social and cultural crimes

Question 18

problems with defining state crime

Answer 18

-3 approaches to defining: breaking laws of society where it happens, international law, human rights
-However states may legalise acts that are normally criminal e.g. Saudi Arabia

Question 19

Green and Ward

Answer 19

-universal standards of what constitutes as a crime is possible as you can identify what is harmful regardless of customs
-definitions should be made in terms of human rights violations

Question 20

turner

Answer 20

-nobody can enforce universal human rights

Question 21

Cohen (3 stages of spiral)

Answer 21

-the culture of denial which develops in response to accusations
-1= state claims it didn’t happen
-2=state redefines what has happened as being smth other than a human rights abuse
-3=state concedes that it did happen but that it’s justified

Question 22

Cohen (techniques of neutralisation)

Answer 22

-denial of responsibility= small cog in large machine
-denial of injury= victims didn’t rlly suffer
-denial of victim= the victims are terrorists, state is real victim
-condemnation of the condemners= accusing those making judgements of being hypocrites/ being racist i.e. israel
-appeal to higher loyalties= pursuit of greater good e.g. zionism

Question 23

Cohen (human rights abuses)

Answer 23

-ppl often go along w/ abuses which makes it easier to use techniques of neutralisation
-‘crimes of obedience’ are more likely to occur if there’s authoritarian state, routinisation of the abuse and dehumanisation of the ppl seen as the enemy