Globalisation and crime Flashcards
Castells
-societies are no longer self contained and a global economy has developed which allows international crime
Misha Glenny
notes the russian mafias which occurred after the fall of the USSR. The wealthy hired these mafias to protect their interests
harm of organised crime
-harms victims, economy, politics and cultures
-link to corruption within govt where political policies can be distorted and effect law enforcement
newburn (effects of globalisation of crime)
-reduces power of the nation state (may effect more than one nation)
-increasing new ways of committing crime (take advantage of varying legislations)
-create new awareness of risk (treaties or fear of immigrants)
Taylor
-capitalism drives the globalisation of crime
-privatisation create conditions for growth of crime
Taylor (financial crime)
-can move finances w/ minimal control e.g. tax evasion & subsidising money (EU loses £7bill annually)
-loose controls over capital and tax havens give organised crime opportunities to launder profits
-cheap international transport allows companies to shift production costs (high tax to low tax countries). Results in unemployment=crime
Hobbs and Dunningham
-most global crime operates locally also
-networks of interconnected criminals who occasionally work together
-a global network is built through local connections e.g. Dave Peters
-international contacts= smuggling, local= sell
South
-primary environmental crimes= legal under international law but cause damage
-environmental law-breaking= illegal under international law but may not be enforced
Primary environmental crime
-Walters= GMC
-Thornton & Bechwith= air pollution, 24k ppl die prematurely each year bc of it
environmental law breaking
-walters= Br nuclear industry
Zemiology
laws are inadequate for judging whether actions should be regarded as criminal & instead we should assess the harm caused
Walters
-eco crimes should be looked at as crimes against nature rather than just crimes against individual humans
-White supports this that we should have a eco-centric approach which emphasises the interdependence we have on the env
Beck
-economic growth means risks resulting from nature/ lack of resources has declined
-this economic/scientific growth has created new risks e.g. nuclear waste
-harm to env is an integral part of dev
-tech etc have created new dangers which are global
Sutton
-critiques Beck
-Beck suggests that all classes are equally vulnerable but this is not true e.g. rich ppl can move house
-BUT does praise Beck for highlighting harm of tech
Halsey & White
-The cause of green crime is the dominance of capitalist ideology as economic growth is prioritised over the environment
-theres been a ‘corporate colonisation of nature’
Walter (examples of crime)
-biopiracy= companies take control of resources, preventing them from being used by the indigenous
-corporate engineering of nature= GMC
-corporations responsible for green crime= oil spills
-state= Chinese govt and 3 gorges dam
-organised crime= mafia disposing of hazardous waste into Naples water
McLaughlin
-political crimes
-crimes of the police
-economic crimes
-social and cultural crimes
problems with defining state crime
-3 approaches to defining: breaking laws of society where it happens, international law, human rights
-However states may legalise acts that are normally criminal e.g. Saudi Arabia
Green and Ward
-universal standards of what constitutes as a crime is possible as you can identify what is harmful regardless of customs
-definitions should be made in terms of human rights violations
turner
-nobody can enforce universal human rights
Cohen (3 stages of spiral)
-the culture of denial which develops in response to accusations
-1= state claims it didn’t happen
-2=state redefines what has happened as being smth other than a human rights abuse
-3=state concedes that it did happen but that it’s justified
Cohen (techniques of neutralisation)
-denial of responsibility= small cog in large machine
-denial of injury= victims didn’t rlly suffer
-denial of victim= the victims are terrorists, state is real victim
-condemnation of the condemners= accusing those making judgements of being hypocrites/ being racist i.e. israel
-appeal to higher loyalties= pursuit of greater good e.g. zionism
Cohen (human rights abuses)
-ppl often go along w/ abuses which makes it easier to use techniques of neutralisation
-‘crimes of obedience’ are more likely to occur if there’s authoritarian state, routinisation of the abuse and dehumanisation of the ppl seen as the enemy
