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Crime & Punishment > Punishment > Flashcards

Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

Norman England: changes to wergild

A

‘wergild’ = ended
fines to king’s officials not victim/family
‘Murdrum Fine’

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2
Q

Norman England: increased use of harsh punishments

A

increase in crimes punishable by death/mutilation
Forest Laws poaching = death
castration/branding
Harrying of the North (1069) - 10,000 killed
Hereward the Wake (1071) - mutilation

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3
Q

Later medieval: Assizes of Northampton

A

Henry II 1176
increased use of corp. punishments -> robbery/arson/theft = one foot & one hand cut off

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4
Q

Later medieval: High Treason

A

1351
‘hanged, drawn & quartered’

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5
Q

Early Modern: early prisons

A

early 16th cent. prisons = petty criminals, vagrants, drunk & disorderly offenders
pay for food & bedding
1556 ‘House of Correction’ in disused Bridewell Palace in London
also house homeless/orphaned children
‘hard labour’
17th cent. similar prisons opened

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6
Q

Early Modern: Bloody Code

A

1688 crimes punishable by death increased to 50
poaching, stealing loaf of bread,, cutting down tree

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7
Q

Early Modern: transportation

A

James I
new English colonies in North America
14 or 7 years

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8
Q

Early Modern: Gunpowder Plot

A

1605
tortured then hanged, drawn & quartered

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9
Q

Early Modern continuity: fines

A

fraud, selling goods for wrong prices, assault & breaking legal agreements
from 16th cent. not going to church

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10
Q

Early Modern continuity: pillory/stocks

A

begging, drunkenness, cheating at cards, persistent swearing & selling underweight bread

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11
Q

Early Modern continuity: corp.

A

whipping, maiming & branding
theft
now also vagrancy & begging

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12
Q

Early Modern continuity: hanging

A

repeated begging, theft, highway robbery, poaching, smuggling & witchcraft

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13
Q

Industrial: the end of public executions

A

1868

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14
Q

Industrial: the declining use of the death pen. & end of the Bloody Code

A

by 1810 222 crimes carried death pen.
Bloody Code = abolished by Sir Robert Peel (Home Secretary 1820s)
<10% convicted actually sentenced to death by 1800s
1840 only treason & murder

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15
Q

Industrial: the introduction of transportation to Australia

A

transportation began ~1610 to America
after 1783 as result of American War of Independence
Australia claimed as part of British Empire 1770
18 months travel
serve 7 years
~160,000 transported to Australia

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16
Q

Industrial: the end of transportation to Australia

17
Q

Industrial: prison reformers - John Howard

A

appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire 1773
Bedfordshire County gaol
decent food & water, useful work, Christian teachings & wage for gaolers
Gaols Act (1774) = improvements in living standard

18
Q

Industrial: prison reformers - Elizabeth Fry

A

Quaker
Newgate Prison
300 women (some with babies) in 3 rooms
Gaols Act (1823) = separated into categories

19
Q

Industrial: prison reformers - Sir Robert Peel

A

Home Secretary from 1820
reduced num. crimes punishable by death to 100

20
Q

Industrial: prison reform

A

survey in 1777
4,000 people in prison in England & Wales
60% debtors
by mid 19th cent. imprisonment replaced capital pun. (except murder)
1823: prisoners separated into categories
1830: central gov. began to py cost of local prisons
1835: ‘Gaols Act’ = regular inspections
1877: prisons under auth. of central gov.

21
Q

Industrial: Pentonville Prison & the ‘separate system’

A

1842
up to 23 hours per day isolation
treadwheel
Prisons Act (1865) = ‘hard labour, hard fare & hard board’
up to 12 hours hard physical labour

22
Q

Modern: changing attitudes about rehabilitation (prisons)

A

1902 hard labour ended
1922 educational opportunities
1933 ‘open prisons’

23
Q

Modern: specialised treatment for young offenders

A

1902 ‘borstals’
1982 Youth Custody Centres
Criminal Justice Act (1948) reduced use of prisons for young offenders & introduced detention centres & attendance centres
Prison Commissioner Alexander Patterson
Children and Young Persons Acts (1963 & 1969) = focused more on supervision by probation officers & social workers

24
Q

Modern: non-custodial sentences

A

probation
parole
suspended sentences
community service
electric tagging

25
Q

Modern: changing attitudes (death pen.)

A

Children’s Act (1908) = abolished death pen. under 16s
Infanticide Act (1922)
1965 suspended
1999 European Convention on Human Rights - abolished

26
Q

Modern: action by the government

A

Roy Jenkins

27
Q

Modern: Derek Bentley and controversial executions

A

1952 - with Christopher Craig
‘Let him have it!’
‘Joint Enterprise’
5,000 protestors outside Wandsworth Prison
over 200 MPs
1950 Timothy Edwards - innocent
baby & wife
1955 Ruth Ellis
boyfriend
1957 Homicide Act - diminished responsibility or abused
1965 suspended, 1999 abolished

Crime & Punishment (5 decks)

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